Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 40 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kh\u00f3i l\u1eeda Chi\u1ebfn tranh T h\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ua nhau d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u0103m d\u00f2 h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai k\u00e9o d\u00e0i cao s\u1eebng s\u1eefng. \u0110i\u1ec1u qu\u00e1i l\u1ea1 l\u00e0, gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ee9t ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai. T rong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ee9t n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t sinh n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ea1ch n\u00fai d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u1edf b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f2n n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kinh ng\u1ea1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0, hai b\u00ean s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng n\u00fai l\u1eeda d\u1ea1ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf nh\u1eefng ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u1ea5y s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai T h\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m th\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 1 d\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 32 ra \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i n\u00fai l\u1eeda t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 1 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 32 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, ch\u1ed7 s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trung t\u00e2m m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t r\u00e3nh m\u00e1ng d\u00e0i, g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “r\u00e3nh bi\u1ec3n”. Ngo\u00e0i ra d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng nham th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi r\u1ea5t tr\u1ebb c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi m\u1ea5y tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai ph\u00eda \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n th\u00ec tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nham th\u1ea1ch c\u00e0ng tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm t\u00f2i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 Harry H. Hess \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd lu\u1eadn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n”. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng v\u1ecf T r\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi, cho n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u00f3 n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1ecf T r\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u0169 \u0111\u1ea9y ra xa s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh hai b\u00ean x\u1ed1ng n\u00fai nh\u1eefng d\u1ea3i nham th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng. V\u00ec hai b\u00ean s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, n\u00ean khi g\u1eb7p b\u1edd l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba th\u00ec ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1edd l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng r\u00e3nh bi\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft “t\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n” tuy gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 T r\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 1968, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Xavier Le Pichon sau khi ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng tinh tu\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft “t\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n” v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Alfred Wegener, \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft “ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ea3ng” r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi l\u1ea1. \u00d4ng chia v\u1ecf T r\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh s\u00e1u m\u1ea3ng. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y l\u1edbn b\u00e9 kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ea3ng b\u00e9 nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y tri\u1ec7u km2, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y b\u00e9 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t n\u00f3i chung kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 100 km t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng m\u1ecfng cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ea3ng do Xavier Le Pichon s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t cho r\u1eb1ng: l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t bao b\u1ecdc T r\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng nham th\u1ea1ch, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng n\u00fai \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, r\u00e3nh bi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng g\u00e3y n\u1ebfp ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1ea3ng. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 m\u1ea3ng v\u1eeba c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3n v\u1eeba c\u00f3 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u nhau bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o nhau, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 hai m\u1ea3ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o nhau th\u00ec ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u00e2ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch n\u00fai cao nh\u01b0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Hymalaya. N\u1ebfu m\u1ea3ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 m\u1ea3ng h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 nhau th\u00ec m\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd chui xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ea3ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u00e1ng bi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea3o. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u ho\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111i c\u00e1ch xa m\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c. L\u00fd lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, n\u00f3 tu\u1ef3 theo di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf T r\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho hai m\u1ea3ng c\u0169 h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai m\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T \u1eeb kho\u00e1: T\u00e1ch gi\u00e3n \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n; V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 40 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kh\u00f3i l\u1eeda Chi\u1ebfn tranh T h\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ua nhau d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u0103m d\u00f2 h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10083","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-tu-nhien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10083","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10083"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10083\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10083"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10083"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10083"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}