Ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i t\u1edbi hai t\u1eeb: ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edbi; Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i so\u1ea1n ra c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m; Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda (n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3) r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1; Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda (n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v.v. V\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m” v\u00e0 “ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u1ecdi chung c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1eed l\u00ed v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc x\u1eed l\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft minh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n thuy\u1ebft minh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/a>, ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng (s\u1ed5 tay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng) v.v. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u1ea5t k\u00ec nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 x\u1eed l\u00ed th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1eed l\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (nh\u01b0 con s\u1ed1, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd, tranh \u1ea3nh, \u00e2m thanh v.v.) ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng tin (l\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh). Quy t\u1eafc x\u1eed l\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00ed d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng tin, nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u00e0i to\u00e1n, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u00f4gic, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n quan h\u1ec7, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c, c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh<\/a>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf khi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (ch\u1ea1y) ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac giao di\u1ec7n (giao di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, g\u1ed3m giao di\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m – ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch) gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. Mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh<\/a> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u00f4ng qua ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Theo ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, ta chia ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ra ba lo\u1ea1i: ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u00fang g\u1ed9p th\u00e0nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ph\u00e1t huy ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a: Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m; Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i t\u1edbi hai t\u1eeb: ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: T\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1edbi; Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i so\u1ea1n ra c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m; Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda (n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3) r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1; Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda (n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v.v. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10280","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tin-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10280","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10280"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10280\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10280"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10280"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10280"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}