Trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i t\u1eeb khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eaft n\u1eefa ch\u1ee9. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mua. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00e0o m\u00e1y v\u1eeba m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gi\u1edd, v\u1eeba t\u1ed1n s\u1ee9c, l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0o m\u00e1y, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 M\u0129.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u0103m 1950, M\u0129 v\u00e0 Cana\u0111a \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi hai n\u01b0\u1edbc. G\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng SAGE. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng SAGE v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb terminal (thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb thu th\u1eadp tin v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t l\u1ec7nh trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i – ch\u00fa th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng terminal li\u00ean c\u01a1, g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean c\u01a1. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1eeb xa b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u1edf trong ph\u00f2ng m\u00e1y v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ngo\u00e0i \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong t\u00ednh to\u00e1n khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean c\u01a1 trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1n v\u00e9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng b\u00e1n v\u00e9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i, n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 (mainframe) t\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eebng chuy\u1ebfn bay \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau v\u00e9. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u00e1n v\u00e9 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c terminal c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ebfn bay n\u00e0o c\u00f2n th\u1eeba v\u00e9. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean c\u01a1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng \u0111ang xem x\u00e9t li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng, nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n to l\u1edbn, nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i vi qu\u00fd v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, C\u1ee5c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cao c\u1ea5p ARPA c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng M\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1969 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ea1ng ARPANET v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Internet ng\u00e0y nay. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng ARPANET \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng l\u00ed lu\u1eadn cho m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn m\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 IBM v\u00e0 DEC \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 sau, khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh (micro computer, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n – personal computer).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a: M\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh; Terminal (thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i t\u1eeb khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eaft n\u1eefa ch\u1ee9. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00f4ng ty m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mua. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00e0o m\u00e1y v\u1eeba m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gi\u1edd, v\u1eeba t\u1ed1n s\u1ee9c, l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10320","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-tin-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10320","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10320"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10320\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10320"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}