X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 XXI b\u1eb1ng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xa l\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111ang r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9. M\u1ea1ng Internet ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a xa l\u1ed9 tin qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean h\u01a1n 170 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Thu\u00ea bao hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ean 100 tri\u1ec7u. T\u1ea1i sao l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 giao th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ng. (Hay giao th\u1ee9c li\u00ean m\u1ea1ng – btv).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, khi t\u1eebng m\u00e1y trao \u0111\u1ed5i tin v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e1y kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 giao th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ef1c ra khi ta g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ai \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed3i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 khi g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i quay (b\u1ea5m) s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y m\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi t\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu m\u00e1y kia \u0111ang b\u1eadn th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00e1t sau g\u1ecdi l\u1ea1i. Khi n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e1y, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecfi th\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 l\u00e0 \u0111ang g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ai. Khi n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 hai b\u00ean c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec3u. Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nghe r\u00f5. Nghe xong m\u1ea5y c\u00e2u th\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1p l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i s\u1ebd cho r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu nghe ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. Nghe kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v.v. N\u1ebfu ta s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ed3i vi\u1ebft ra, ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft cho r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft ra m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: quy tr\u00ecnh thao t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, quy tr\u00ecnh \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1p khi \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng, quy ph\u1ea1m l\u1ec5 nghi th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vi t\u00ednh c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 giao th\u1ee9c. L\u00ed do l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp s\u1eb5n. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, an to\u00e0n, v.v. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p! Do v\u1eady m\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 giao th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u giao th\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1eady th\u00ec giao th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ra sao? Trong khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia ra ba t\u1ea7ng: n\u1ed9i dung, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i. Tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng n\u1ed9i dung, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0 n\u00f3i c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u0111i\u1ec1u xem x\u00e9t l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u (nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m sao s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00e0m tho\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u. Tr\u00ean t\u1ea7ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i, ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng tuy\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u01b0 t\u1eeb, \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
X\u00e9t theo v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean th\u00ec quy tr\u00ecnh thao t\u00e1c b\u1ea5m m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i, \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e0m tho\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, c\u00f2n quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 quy ph\u1ea1m l\u1ec5 nghi th\u00f4ng tuy\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng n\u1ed9i dung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m. M\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c nhau cho nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh th\u01b0 t\u00edn qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u0103ng th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n quy \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c g\u1eedi th\u01b0 b\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea7ng n\u1ed9i dung li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf (OSI – Open Systems Interconnection – btv). Trong \u0111\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh) \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y t\u1ea7ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: T\u1ea7ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, t\u1ea7ng bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n, t\u1ea7ng h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i (t\u1ea7ng phi\u00ean), t\u1ea7ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i, t\u1ea7ng m\u1ea1ng, t\u1ea7ng c\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1 (t\u1ea7ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u) v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng v\u1eadt l\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Giao th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u0169ng chia ra l\u00e0m b\u1ea3y t\u1ea7ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed7i giao th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 giao th\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a: Giao th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 XXI b\u1eb1ng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xa l\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111ang r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9. M\u1ea1ng Internet ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a xa l\u1ed9 tin qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean h\u01a1n 170 qu\u1ed1c gia […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10324","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-tin-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10324","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10324"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10324\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10324"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10324"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10324"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}