Trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c k\u00ed k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c giao th\u1ee9c, gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed9c thi, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng tham gia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 b\u00ean c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef k\u00ed gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u00ean nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba qu\u1ef5t c\u1ee7a b\u00ean ph\u00e1t, n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00edch cho m\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ef1 v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i coi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n qu\u1ef5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a an to\u00e0n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. B\u00ean c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00ean tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i, c\u00f2n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00e1y t\u00ednh do m\u00e1y t\u00ednh tham d\u1ef1 th\u00ec g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng. N\u00f3i chung, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u00fat kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 “c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng” trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng trung th\u1ef1c A vay ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng B m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ed t\u00ean tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb vay. Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 giao cho A kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y theo \u0111\u00fang th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 A b\u1ed7ng t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o v\u1edbi c\u01a1 quan h\u1eefu quan (nh\u01b0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n) r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta kh\u00f4ng vay ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng B kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eef k\u00ed l\u00e0 do ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3. V\u1eady th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y do kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng A qu\u1ef5t n\u1ee3 hay l\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng B l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3? C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u1eefu quan ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1n x\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9. Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb vay ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi A \u0111\u00e3 k\u00ed t\u00ean v\u00e0o. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, trong ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh h\u00f3a th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u do m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3, v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, m\u00e0 ch\u1eef k\u00ed (d\u00f9 l\u00e0 Trung v\u0103n hay La tinh) trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng vi\u1ebft tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Cho n\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng A c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e3i l\u00e0 ch\u1eef k\u00ed n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 cho ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, c\u01a1 quan h\u1eefu quan \u0111\u00e3 sa v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng ph\u00e1 \u00e1n. Trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00fd \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. C\u00e1i n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1i qu\u1ef5t. “C\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng” c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3, ch\u1ed1ng \u0103n qu\u1ef5t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0ng. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt k\u00ed t\u00ean s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ea1i sao k\u00ed t\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y? Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c k\u00ed t\u00ean s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ec7 m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 kho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng khai quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c ch\u1eef k\u00ed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kh\u00f3a m\u1eadt m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 kho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng khai quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. Kh\u00f3a m\u1eadt ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng K n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi K gi\u1eef v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh “chuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t”. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 X do anh ta x\u1eed l\u00ed th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 Ck \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K. Trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra th\u00f4ng tin s\u1ed1 Ck nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng K c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 \u00fd ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 kh\u00f3a m\u1eadt m\u00e0 ri\u00eang anh ta gi\u1eef. Cho n\u00ean tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi K ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu. X\u1eed l\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ee3p t\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p l\u00ed. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, do kh\u00f3a m\u1eadt c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng K \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho n\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng kh\u00f3a m\u1eadt c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin ban \u0111\u1ea7u Xo c\u1ee7a Ck. N\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u X l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng K. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u00ed t\u00ean s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 kho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng khai. T\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u1eef k\u00ed s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ec7 m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 kho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng khai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1eady th\u00ec d\u00f9ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u1eadt m\u00e3 kh\u00e1c (nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u DES) \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/a> ch\u1eef k\u00ed s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u0103ng? \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m. Ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/a> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00ed th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng K v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng I c\u00f3 tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y th\u00ec b\u00ean c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o ch\u1eef k\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng I \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ai \u0111\u00fang ai sai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p an to\u00e0n quan tr\u1ecdng trong m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u00ec ch\u1eef k\u00ed s\u1ed1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a: K\u00ed t\u00ean s\u1ed1; H\u1ec7 m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 kho\u00e1 c\u00f4ng khai; Kh\u00f3a m\u1eadt; H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c k\u00ed k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c giao th\u1ee9c, gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed9c thi, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng tham gia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 b\u00ean c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng. T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10452","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-tin-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10452","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10452"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10452\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10452"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10452"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10452"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}