T\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc m\u1edb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc m\u1edb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdp nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p qui. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc k\u00fd gi\u1eefa La-c\u00f4nia v\u00e0 Uma (Hai n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, Ir\u1eafc ng\u00e0y nay) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 theo l\u1ed1i h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef n\u00eam, c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cBia A-na-t\u00f4mu\u201d, hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Lu-v\u01a1- r\u01a1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, XVII \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau, d\u1ea9n d\u1ea9n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia v\u1ec1 ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc m\u1edb tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng qua l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc h\u00e0nh vi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nhau. N\u0103m 1625, cu\u1ed1n \u201cLu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 lu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan, ng\u00e0i Hug\u00f4 G\u01a1-r\u00f4-tiut ra \u0111\u1eddi. S\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn 3 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u201cCh\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d. N\u00eau r\u00f5 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cCha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u0103m 1648, khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh 30 n\u0103m \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd \u201cHo\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc Vet – phalen\u201d. Ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nhau, qui \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd trong ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o vi ph\u1ea1m s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. Tinh th\u1ea9n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e0ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Vi\u00ean 1814 1815, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ea5m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 chia c\u1ea5p ngo\u1ea1i giao th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i s\u1ee9, C\u00f4ng s\u1ee9, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. N\u0103m 1856, quy t\u1eafc trung l\u1eadp trong \u201cTuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Pari\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea9u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp thu. N\u0103m 1899 v\u00e0 1907 di\u1ec5n ra hai H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh La Hay \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u201cC\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc La Hay\u201d., \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p qui qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u00e2n theo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1p qui ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tham gia k\u00fd k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ea5p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb phong to\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea9u to\u00e0 \u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
To\u00e0 \u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng sau chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai. To\u00e0 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i La Hay thu\u1ed9c H\u00e0 Lan g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 15 quan to\u00e0. Nh\u1eefng quan to\u00e0 n\u00e0y do b\u1ea9u c\u1eed, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3o an s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea9u ch\u1ecdn. Quan to\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 9 n\u0103m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea9u nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea9u l\u00e0m quan to\u00e0 c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 \u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ri\u00eang n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi chung nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e1 quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nhau, cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc m\u1edb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n tr\u00ean qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
T\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc m\u1edb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc m\u1edb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdp nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p qui. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[1,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10552","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10552","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10552"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10552\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10552"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10552"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10552"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}