Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV v\u00e0 XV, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa La M\u00e3. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ai, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n ho\u00e0i nghi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 \u00fd tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh\u201d, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1ecb \u0111oan\u201d, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 tra kh\u1ea3o nh\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra to\u00e0 ph\u00e1n x\u1eed b\u1ecb giam, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, b\u1ecb thi\u00eau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf phong ki\u1ebfn v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea9n nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n \u0111en t\u1ed1i trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb to\u00e0 \u00e1n d\u1ecb \u0111oan k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng nh\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau hu\u1ef7, c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 B\u1eafc Italia gi\u00e1p \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 V\u01a1-nid\u01a1, Flo-renx\u01a1, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o, giam c\u1ea9m l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m nay, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea5t cao ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd \u201cPh\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng\u201d v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, n\u00eau l\u00ean t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201cnh\u00e2n v\u0103n\u201d t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i ti\u00ean phong l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 \u201cPh\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ef9 theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng ra. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ng phong ki\u1ebfn, ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc. \u0110an-t\u00ea, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i thi h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea9u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi\u201d. Trong thi ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u201cTh\u1ea9n kh\u00fac\u201d, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n v\u0103n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1eb1ng \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, l\u00ean \u00e1n Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9y tu. \u0110an-t\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi l\u01b0u vong n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ch. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5u tranh kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Sau \u0110an- t\u00ea c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sa \u0111o\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea9y tu. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ra \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, trong \u0111\u00f3 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ea1ch th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f4-pecn\u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Ba Lan, khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft \u201cThuy\u1ebft v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3\u201d. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng n\u00eau ra \u201cThuy\u1ebft m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi trung t\u00e2m\u201d, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u trong \u201cKinh th\u00e1nh\u201d r\u1eb1ng: \u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, b\u1eaft ch\u00fang ch\u1ea1y quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh thuy\u1ebft Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m, lay \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan th\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, tri\u1ebft gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd, Brun\u00f4 v\u00ec b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C\u00f4 – pecnich \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i giam v\u00e0o ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1i 7 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi. Brun\u00f4 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn sai l\u1ea9m, ng\u00e0y 8 nh\u1eadn sai l\u1ea9m, ng\u00e0y 8 1600, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb to\u00e0 \u00e1n d\u1ecb \u0111oan tuy\u00ean \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sau khi Bruno ch\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1ee3c 30 n\u0103m, th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1633, Ga-lil\u00ea_nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Italia l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i giam v\u00e0o ng\u1ee5c t\u1ed1i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 quan th\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00fd khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i, b\u1eaft giam v\u00e0 tra t\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ea9n h\u1ecdc, m\u1ea1nh b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra phong tr\u00e0o v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec lay chuy\u1ec3n n\u1ed5i, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Trung c\u1ed5, l\u00e0m tan r\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV v\u00e0 XV, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa La M\u00e3. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ai, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea9n ho\u00e0i nghi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 \u00fd tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u201cKinh Th\u00e1nh\u201d, \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1ecb \u0111oan\u201d, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[1,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10577","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10577"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10577\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10577"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10577"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10577"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}