{"id":10905,"date":"2021-11-22T17:31:48","date_gmt":"2021-11-22T10:31:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/post\/?p=10905"},"modified":"2021-11-22T18:19:45","modified_gmt":"2021-11-22T11:19:45","slug":"nhung-thi-nghiem-dep-nhat-trong-lich-su","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/nhung-thi-nghiem-dep-nhat-trong-lich-su\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u201c\u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t\u201d trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n nay th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u USD. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u201c\u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t\u201d trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Robert Crease, thu\u1ed9c khoa tri\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc NewYork (M\u1ef9), \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u201cth\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch gene, v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hay \u0111o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao xa\u2026) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t\u201d, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u0111o chu vi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u00e1n x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, v\u1eadt r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do., \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta y\u00eau th\u00edch h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. V\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n: m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, logic \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t\u201d (x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Erasthenes<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y h\u1ea1 ch\u00ed c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 2300 n\u0103m, t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Awan c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp, Erasthenes \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng xu\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc c\u1ecdc th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi th\u00e2n c\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m sau, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc c\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf Alexandria (Hy L\u1ea1p), v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi nghi\u00eang 7 \u0111\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng. Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea9u, th\u00ec chu vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c 360 \u0111\u1ed9. N\u1ebfu hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (Awan v\u00e0 Alexandria) c\u00e1ch nhau m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c 7 \u0111\u1ed9, th\u00ec g\u00f3c \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1ea5y (v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o). D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, Erasthenes \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh ra chu vi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 250.000 stadia. \u0110\u1ebfn nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c 1 stadia theo chu\u1ea9n Hy L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau m\u00e9t (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng?), n\u00ean ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Erasthenes. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y, Erasthenes kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh c\u1ea9u, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Galilei<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec1u tin r\u1eb1ng, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ec1u r\u01a1i nhanh h\u01a1n v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb9. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 Aristotle \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 th\u1edd c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean Galileo Galilei, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9y gi\u00e1o d\u1ea1y to\u00e1n \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Pisa (Italy) l\u1ea1i tin v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n trong khoa h\u1ecdc: \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 leo l\u00ean th\u00e1p nghi\u00eang Pisa \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u00fang r\u01a1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 nhau! (t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf qua s\u1ee9c c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed). V\u00ec k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau n\u00e0y, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m tin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean bi l\u0103n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t d\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Galilei<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t l\u1ea9n n\u1eefa, Galileo Galileil\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o \u201cTop 10 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gia t\u1ed1c, Galilei\u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/a> m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n d\u00e0i 5,5 m\u00e9t, r\u1ed9ng 0,22 m\u00e9t. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng cho x\u1ebb m\u1ed9t r\u00e3nh \u1edf gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Galilei d\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n d\u1ed1c xu\u1ed1ng, r\u1ed3i th\u1ea3 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean bi \u0111\u1ed3ng theo r\u00e3nh. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 vi\u00ean bi di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (Galilei\u0111\u00e3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean bi v\u00e0 c\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc do \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 nh\u1ecf ra \u0111\u1ec3 suy ra t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Galileikh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e0ng xu\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n d\u1ed1c, vi\u00ean bi ch\u1ea1y c\u00e0ng nhanh: Qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian di chuy\u1ec3n. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 vi\u00ean bi lu\u00f4n ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gia t\u1ed1c (g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t). \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gia t\u1ed1c t\u1ef1 do (g = 9,8 m\/s2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Newton\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u khi \u0111i qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Newton, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 tinh khi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch (l\u1ea1i Aristotle!). Tuy nhi\u00ean, Newton\u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra sai l\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, khi \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng l\u0103ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ra c\u00e1c m\u00e0u kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ed3i chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Newtoncho th\u1ea5y, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u201cnguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t\u201d m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i quang ph\u1ed5 7 m\u00e0u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: \u0111\u1ecf, da cam, v\u00e0ng, xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y, xanh n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n, ch\u00e0m, t\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u201cs\u1ee3i d\u00e2y xo\u1eafn\u201d c\u1ee7a Cavendish<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n nay th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u USD. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u201c\u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t\u201d trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[1,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10905","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10905","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10905"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10905\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10905"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10905"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10905"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}