T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: H\u00e3y Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Em T\u1ea1i Sao? \u2013 T\u1eadp 1 – Arkady Leokum<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t: m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang. V\u00e0 ngay trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u bang th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t th\u1ecb x\u00e3 (town), c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (city), c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t qu\u1eadn (county), c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t ti\u1ec3u bang (state). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. T\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c th\u1eddi x\u01b0a d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u201cchi\u1ebfn s\u0129\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec an ninh, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. C\u00e1c Pharaoh c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00ednh trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Caesar Augustus (Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf La M\u00e3) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho kinh th\u00e0nh La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t n\u00e0y l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb n\u0103m 700 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 800 n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. Thay v\u00ec thi h\u00e0nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 quan t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t th\u00e0nh hai ng\u00e0nh: canh g\u00e1c (watch) v\u00e0 tu\u1ea7n tra (ward). Ng\u00e0nh canh g\u00e1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 canh g\u00e1c ban \u0111\u00eam v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh tu\u1ea7n tra c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 canh g\u00e1c tu\u1ea7n tra ban ng\u00e0y. Th\u1eadt ra c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a hai ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u01b0\u1edbc Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u201cxu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u\u201d c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y sang thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Hoa K\u1ef3 (l\u00fac \u1ea5y Hoa K\u1ef3 ch\u01b0a tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp). Nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean 16 tu\u1ed5i, kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, tu\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng ban \u0111\u00eam d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e3nh l\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecb x\u00e3 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec l\u1ed1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ban ng\u00e0y – \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 – ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1i Boston t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1838 v\u1edbi\u2026 s\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t vi\u00ean. N\u0103m 1845 ti\u1ec3u bang New York v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1856 ti\u1ec3u bang Pensyl- vania \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3. Th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c hay mang s\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1856, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 New York \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c cho c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u sau, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: H\u00e3y Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Em T\u1ea1i Sao? \u2013 T\u1eadp 1 – Arkady Leokum \u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t: m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a li\u00ean bang. V\u00e0 ngay trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u bang th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t th\u1ecb x\u00e3 (town), […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13614","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13614","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13614"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13614\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13614"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13614"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13614"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}