T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: H\u00e3y Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Em T\u1ea1i Sao? \u2013 T\u1eadp 5 – Arkady Leokum<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng l\u00fd hay lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ngay t\u1eeb khi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng do nh\u00e0 vua Hammurabi – vua c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Babylon – \u0111\u1eb7t ra kho\u1ea3ng 1700 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng qui \u0111\u1ecbnh hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201clu\u1eadt\u201d x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc v.v.. T\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 \u1ea5y. V\u1ec1 sau, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf do c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt gia vi\u1ebft ra. Sau n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng qui \u0111\u1ecbnh do nh\u00e0 vua hay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c La M\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. V\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3, do Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Justinien s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 527 \u0111\u1ebfn 565 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m lu\u1eadt trong su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n La M\u00e3. Th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt (canon law). Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII, \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00dd, lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt La M\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea7n l\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u01b0\u1edbi danh x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 d\u00e2n lu\u1eadt (civil law) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt. \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 (common law l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7) ra \u0111\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1844, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Napoleon \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u00e1ch lu\u1eadt t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi ng\u00e0i. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Napoleon l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Trung v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Anh l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Canada (tr\u1eeb Quebec), Hoa K\u1ef3, New Zealand v\u00e0 \u00dac.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: H\u00e3y Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Em T\u1ea1i Sao? \u2013 T\u1eadp 5 – Arkady Leokum Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng l\u00fd hay lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ngay t\u1eeb khi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14683","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14683","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14683"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14683\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14684,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14683\/revisions\/14684"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14683"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14683"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14683"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}