T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: H\u00e3y Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Em T\u1ea1i Sao? \u2013 T\u1eadp 5 – Arkady Leokum<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1eafc \u00edn hay n\u00f3i n\u00f4m na l\u00e0 d\u1ea7u h\u1eafc hay nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng coi b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1eady m\u00e0 \u00edt c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng n\u00f3. Khi nung \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n than \u201cc\u1ed1c\u201d, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ec1n s\u1ec7t m\u00e0u \u0111en ch\u1ea3y ra. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ec1n s\u1ec7t n\u00e0y b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch. \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t h\u1eafc \u00edn hay nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0y nay, t\u1eeb c\u00e1i ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecf \u0111i \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf ra t\u1edbi hai ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n th\u1ee9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1eafc \u00edn l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1t. V\u1ec1 sau h\u1eafc \u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u01a1n ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 d\u00e2y th\u1eebng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra h\u1eafc \u00edn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ef1a th\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 1856, William Henry Perkin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 trong ng\u00e0nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 17 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m – g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t aniline – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb h\u1eafc \u00edn. Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o t\u1eeb h\u1eafc \u00edn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau? B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t\u201d (dis- till ation). H\u1eafc \u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111un s\u00f4i trong nh\u1eefng l\u00f2 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 cong d\u1eabn kh\u00ed ra. Ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu l\u1ea1i. T\u1ef1 n\u00f3, h\u1eafc \u00edn ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9, m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t \u00edt. Ch\u01b0ng \u0111i ch\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00e1ch ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1ea5t h\u1eafc \u00edn c\u1eb7n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e1n v\u00e1n \u00e9p, gi\u1ea5y d\u1ea7u, nh\u1ef1a (tr\u1ea3i) \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u201cph\u00f3 s\u1ea3n\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1eafc \u00edn l\u1ea1i \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh h\u1eafc \u00edn. M\u00e0u, thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m, m\u1ef1c in\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eeb h\u1eafc \u00edn m\u00e0 ra c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5y. Acid carbolic d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea9y tr\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng t\u1eeb h\u1eafc \u00edn m\u00e0 ra. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, thu\u1ed1c aspirin, c\u0169ng t\u1eeb h\u1eafc \u00edn m\u00e0 ra. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Sac- charin \u1ea5y m\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt g\u1ea5p 550 l\u1ea7n v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng? H\u1eafc \u00edn \u0111\u1ea5y! B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng tin sao. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 th\u00f9ng, x\u00f4, thau r\u1eeda m\u1eb7t\u2026 c\u0169ng t\u1eeb h\u1eafc \u00edn. C\u00e1i \u00e1o b\u1ea1n \u0111ang m\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng c\u0169ng t\u1eeb h\u1eafc \u00edn, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i \u00e1o \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i nylon. B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ee3i nylon ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a\u2026 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0\u2026 than!<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft, d\u1ea7u th\u01a1m, c\u00e1c m\u00f9i nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 va ni\u2026 long n\u00e3o (b\u0103ng phi\u1ebfn), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc soda (s\u1ee7i b\u1ecdt khi b\u1ea1n u\u1ed1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt c\u00f4 ca \u0111\u1ea5y) c\u0169ng t\u1eeb h\u1eafc \u00edn m\u00e0 ra c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5y. K\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 d\u00f9ng h\u1eafc \u00edn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ta d\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y n\u1eefa kia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a, t\u1eeb than, t\u1eeb h\u1eafc \u00edn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ebf ra h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. (ND: kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cthan, h\u1eafc \u00edn\u201d d\u00f9ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho c\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf hay d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed, d\u1ea7u th\u00f4 n\u1eefa ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu h\u1eb9p trong t\u1eeb than m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eafc \u00edn nh\u01b0 tar, coal tar, pitch, asphalt).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: H\u00e3y Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Em T\u1ea1i Sao? \u2013 T\u1eadp 5 – Arkady Leokum H\u1eafc \u00edn hay n\u00f3i n\u00f4m na l\u00e0 d\u1ea7u h\u1eafc hay nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng coi b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u1eady m\u00e0 \u00edt c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng n\u00f3. Khi nung \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14713","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14713","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14713"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14713\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14714,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14713\/revisions\/14714"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14713"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14713"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14713"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}