{"id":16132,"date":"2021-11-27T20:02:17","date_gmt":"2021-11-27T13:02:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/post\/?p=16132"},"modified":"2021-11-27T20:02:19","modified_gmt":"2021-11-27T13:02:19","slug":"tai-sao-cac-nha-toan-hoc-lai-rat-hung-thu-voi-cac-so-nguyen-to","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/tai-sao-cac-nha-toan-hoc-lai-rat-hung-thu-voi-cac-so-nguyen-to\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: H\u00e3y Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Em T\u1ea1i Sao? \u2013 T\u1eadp 10 &#8211; Arkady Leokum<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201ckh\u1ed1i nh\u00e0\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 1. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1, t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 2, 17, 53 ho\u1eb7c 673, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 17.119 (17x19x53). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft: n\u0103m 1801 nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n ho\u1ea1c Carl Gauss \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho \u201c\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc\u201d (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 Euclid \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 2.000 n\u0103m). Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f2n tr\u00eau ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9ng minh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Eu- clid \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 \u201cc\u00e1c c\u1eb7p s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1\u201d, nh\u01b0 5 v\u00e0 7, hay 59 v\u00e0 61, trong \u0111\u00f3 hai s\u1ed1 l\u1ebb k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u01af\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Goldbach\u2019s, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1742, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 5 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00fang ba s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, trong khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 \u201ctrung gian\u201d (median) thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh (average)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng trung gian ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a trung b\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. Trung b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh\u201d, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 chi\u1ec1u cao, tu\u1ed5i hay l\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau nhi\u1ec1u, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh s\u1ebd g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m gh\u00ea g\u1edbm. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi s\u00e1u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5.000$ m\u1ed9t n\u0103m v\u00e0 s\u1ebfp l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng 110.000$ c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty tr\u1ea3 l\u00e0 20.000$. T\u1eeb trung gian l\u1ea1i h\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111i trong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u201cch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa\u201d &#8211; t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean, m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng trung gian l\u00e0 5.000$ &#8211; m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ebfp l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: H\u00e3y Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Em T\u1ea1i Sao? \u2013 T\u1eadp 10 &#8211; Arkady Leokum C\u00e1c s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201ckh\u1ed1i nh\u00e0\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 1. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ed1, t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 2, 17, 53 ho\u1eb7c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16132","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16132"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16132\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16133,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16132\/revisions\/16133"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16132"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16132"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}