T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: H\u00e3y Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Em T\u1ea1i Sao? \u2013 T\u1eadp 12 – Arkady Leokum<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng 1,5 kg trong h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1edb (gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0) l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale n\u0103m 1956, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh John von Neumann \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kho\u1ea3ng 35 tri\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u megabyte – th\u1eadt kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, ngay c\u1ea3 khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sau n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a 100 tri\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e3o v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 40 tri\u1ec7u megabyte, r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Neumann.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Ralph Merkle c\u1ee7a Georgia Tech, Atlanta, l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n hay \u00edt h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin. \u00d4ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111o dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u00f4ng n\u00eau ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 b\u1edfi Thomas Landauer v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Bell, New Jersey, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau qua nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i h\u00f3a ra l\u1ea1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng, n\u00f3 cho m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 200 megabyte. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Neumann, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fd do ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nhi\u1ec1u. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Merkle: \u201ctrong khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tan bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1i t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 cao c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng<\/a> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u00edt ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1i ta hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 – ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3\u201d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: H\u00e3y Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Em T\u1ea1i Sao? \u2013 T\u1eadp 12 – Arkady Leokum Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng 1,5 kg trong h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16203","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16203","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16203"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16203\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16204,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16203\/revisions\/16204"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16203"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16203"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}