T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: H\u00e3y Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Em T\u1ea1i Sao? \u2013 T\u1eadp 12 – Arkady Leokum<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ef1a c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u00f3 qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1892 b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i Francis Galton. V\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, Galton \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh v\u00e2n tay \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u1edf 50% tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 may m\u1eafn t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng trong 1\/64 t\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. V\u00ec con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Galton k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng lo l\u00e0, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Galton ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00edt h\u01a1n 100 d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Theo nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Stephen Stigler \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Statistics on the Table (Harvard University Press, 1999) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t t\u00ean nghi ph\u1ea1m qua d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh quy \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Galton \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam danh ti\u1ebfng cho n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu \u0111i s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i – ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u201cmang t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111a nghi to m\u1ed3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 v\u00e2n tay, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o sai ph\u1ea1m trong nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd. V\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi v\u1ecdng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap n\u00f3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1ee3i \u00fd kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 James Murray c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Washington v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u00e2n tay. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay gi\u1ed1ng nhau ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Cho n\u00ean sau h\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1ebd Galton \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang – nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd may m\u1eafn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: H\u00e3y Tr\u1ea3 L\u1eddi Em T\u1ea1i Sao? \u2013 T\u1eadp 12 – Arkady Leokum \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ef1a c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u00f3 qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16437","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16437","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16437"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16437\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16438,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16437\/revisions\/16438"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16437"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16437"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16437"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}