{"id":16469,"date":"2021-12-04T13:14:49","date_gmt":"2021-12-04T06:14:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/post\/?p=16469"},"modified":"2021-12-04T13:18:14","modified_gmt":"2021-12-04T06:18:14","slug":"chuong-ii-oi-nhung-loi-doi-tra-nhung-loi-noi-doi-khon-kiep-va-chuyen-ngoai-tinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/chuong-ii-oi-nhung-loi-doi-tra-nhung-loi-noi-doi-khon-kiep-va-chuyen-ngoai-tinh\/","title":{"rendered":"CH\u01af\u01a0NG II: \u00d4i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i kh\u1ed1n ki\u1ebfp. V\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng &#8211; Pamela Druckerman<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu th\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i cho th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 v\u1ebd l\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ec9. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra n\u00f3 s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 s\u1ebd x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y n\u1eefa? Qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea3ng? T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch l\u1edbn l\u1eafm kh\u00f4ng? Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dd ni\u1ec7m m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00f4i khi g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Nga t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"Vietlearn\" rel=\"nofollow\">chuy\u00ean gia<\/a> t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 \u1edf Moscow, n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng g\u00ec th\u1ed5 l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 Igor Kon, 76 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i hay m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh cho v\u1ecb <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"Vietlearn\" rel=\"nofollow\">chuy\u00ean gia<\/a> kia th\u00ec h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n. \u00d4ng ch\u1ec9 cao h\u01a1n 1,5m m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f3c b\u1ea1c ph\u01a1, n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 hay k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p bi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u201cth\u1ee7 d\u00e2m\u201d hay \u201cc\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9ng\u201d trong c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi bao nhi\u00eau quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u00e1ng ch\u1eebng v\u00e0o \u201ckho\u1ea3ng 50 cu\u1ed1n\u201d. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p trong Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe T\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4n vinh nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfc huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u1ed1n b\u1ec1 xung quanh c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf nh\u00e0 Kon \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn s\u00e1ch, gi\u1ea5y vi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp san vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng 6 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh \u1edf Nga v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00f2n \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. T\u00f4i m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh ng\u00e0i Kon, l\u00fac n\u00e0y tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7y Yoda, c\u1ea7m danh s\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i h\u1eb1ng m\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 ra v\u00e0 ph\u00ec ph\u00f2 n\u00f3i, \u201cB\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f4 h\u00e3y \u0111i t\u1edbi Slovenia v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Niger.\u201d Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng ta s\u1ebd kh\u1ebd n\u00e9m cho t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t \u00e1nh nh\u00ecn tr\u00eau ng\u01b0\u01a1i r\u1ed3i c\u1ea5t n\u00f3 \u0111i m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00d4ng ta r\u1ea5t vui v\u1ebb cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Nga th\u00ec tr\u1edf n\u00ean cau c\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u201cCh\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3.\u201d Kon cho bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u00e0i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 X\u00f4-Vi\u1ebft h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t k\u00ec th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 g\u00ec chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m x\u1ea5u m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga khi v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd c\u0169ng b\u1ecb d\u00ednh l\u00edu v\u00e0o b\u00ea b\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n X\u00f4-Vi\u1ebft tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991 nh\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u01a1 \u0110\u1ed1c v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e2m th\u1eddi t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o b\u00e1u v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kon v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i m\u00e0y m\u00f2 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1996 \u1edf St. Petersburg.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u1edf Nga ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c g\u00ec. Kon ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 123 USD m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Nga. S\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 mua th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u1edf Moscow. Kon v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng qua ng\u00e0y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3m nguy. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eebng ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Kon. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n cho t\u00f4i xem m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u00eca m\u1ec1m d\u00e0y 74 trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m gi\u1ea3ng s\u01b0 Nga, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd l\u00ean \u00e1n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 li\u00ean bang Nga\u201d, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho chuy\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb con (\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf bao gi\u1edd). V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001, khi \u00f4ng \u0111ang gi\u1ea3ng b\u00e0i \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Moscow, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u01b0u manh kho\u1ea3ng 20 t\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u0103ng b\u0103ng-r\u00f4n \u201cc\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c\u201d \u00f4ng l\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh v\u00e0 n\u00e9m c\u1ea3 b\u00e1nh kem v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng n\u1eefa. C\u0169ng may l\u00e0 Kon ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1eb7t bom trong nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1eady r\u1ed3i. Kon b\u1ea3o \u201cGi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn. H\u1ecd m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft t\u00f4i th\u00ec d\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf b\u00e0n tay.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>***<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">VI\u1ec6C NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U V\u1ec0 T\u00ccNH D\u1ee4C \u1ede B\u1ea4T K\u1ef2 N\u01a0I N\u00c0O h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t. Nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i l\u00fac t\u00f4i ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n Alain Giami, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Y khoa Qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u00e1p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eaft ngang l\u1eddi t\u00f4i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u00ec k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c l\u00e0m t\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta s\u1eafp s\u1eeda ch\u1ed3m kh\u1ecfi gh\u1ebf v\u1eady.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u00f4ng ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u00dd c\u00f4 n\u00f3i \u2018ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh\u2019 l\u00e0 sao? T\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft \u2018ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh\u2019 l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3,\u201d \u00f4ng ta h\u00e9t to\u00e1ng l\u00ean. \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y n\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. D\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u2018ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh\u2019 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng chung th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2m v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec3 xem nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Khi vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp san chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trung l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0ng Giami th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb h\u00e0m \u00fd vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n ch\u01b0a, hay c\u00f3 th\u00edch quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hay m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m c\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c hay kh\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng ta y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb m\u00e0 theo t\u00f4i n\u00f3 nghe gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 song song c\u00f9ng l\u00fac\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"Vietlearn\" rel=\"nofollow\">h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/a> c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1edbi m\u1ebb. N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i c\u00f3 l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 tham gia v\u00e0o \u201cm\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c\u201d, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf Nigeria s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u1eef nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 SGFs, \u201csteady girlfriends\u201d, hay \u201cb\u1ea1n g\u00e1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i\u201d). V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 80, c\u00e1c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"Vietlearn\" rel=\"nofollow\">h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/a> M\u1ef9 th\u1eed t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft EMC cho c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cextramarital coitis\u201d hay \u201cgiao c\u1ea5u ngo\u00e0i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n\u201d nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u l\u1eafm v\u00ec nghe gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh y h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"Vietlearn\" rel=\"nofollow\">h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/a> n\u00e0o d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb \u201cth\u00f4ng d\u00e2m\u201d v\u00ec nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng vang v\u1ecdng xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung \u201cMi \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n \u201cquan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c\u201d v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t n\u00f3 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1c quan nh\u01b0 \u201cN\u0103m ngo\u00e1i b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 chung th\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng?\u201d Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, t\u00f4i \u01b0\u1edbc g\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat. V\u00ec khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990 \u1edf M\u1ef9 l\u00e0m t\u00f4i c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecf m\u1eb7t, h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u201cg\u1ecdi s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u00ec\u201d v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe m\u00e1y r\u1eb1ng, \u201cSu\u1ed1t n\u0103m v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u1ec7ng v\u1edbi bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992 \u1edf M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb hai ph\u00eda, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac sinh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch g\u1ee3i d\u1ee5c g\u00e2y n\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9, cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng giao c\u1ea5u hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e1i c\u1ea3m.\u201d \u0110\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m ta m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng che gi\u1ea5u t\u00ednh thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u1edf Nam Phi, h\u1ecd chia ra hai lo\u1ea1i: \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh \u201ctrong l\u00fac say x\u1ec9n.\u201d M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u1edf Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cPh\u1ee5 n\u1eef ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n,\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn 1 trong 3 lo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n (l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u1ef1c k\u00ec vui t\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e3 hay th\u00f4ng minh\u201d). H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft sau khi c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00f4 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201ct\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000 \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng \u201cTrong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u00e0i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u1ee9 ba). B\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean x\u00e9t x\u1eed t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p hay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 80 v\u00ec ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 ra chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 nhu\u1ec7 kh\u00ed r\u1ed3i. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 90, m\u1ed9t <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"Vietlearn\" rel=\"nofollow\">h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/a> Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt trong th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n n\u1eef l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng\u201d, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00ec ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"Vietlearn\" rel=\"nofollow\">H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3<\/a> n\u00e0y c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft khi h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c th\u00ec \u201ch\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u cho bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. L\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh chuy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u01a1 ch\u1ee9? M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n hay c\u1ea3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0103n \u1edf nh\u01b0 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. S\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c hay kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 quan h\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec7ng, hay trao nhau nh\u1eefng n\u1ee5 h\u00f4n n\u1ed3ng ch\u00e1y trong b\u00e3i g\u1eedi xe. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh sao?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khai ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd h\u1ecfi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 xem nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0o c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201ctr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u00fa nh\u1eadn\u201d v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n. Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 90, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u1ea5y gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh c\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m nghe ng\u00f3ng r\u1ed3i l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi c\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i g\u1ee3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 nh\u01b0 \u0111ang d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 v\u1eady: \u201cTheo m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1i trong ph\u00f2ng k\u00edn \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp; trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi trung th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t.\u201d V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 90 \u1edf M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t khi trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da tr\u1eafng trung ni\u00ean. V\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd b\u00e8n thu\u00ea m\u1ed9t trung \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nao n\u00fang khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n d\u00f9ng \u201cti\u1ebfng l\u00f3ng\u201d ho\u1eb7c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Theo Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea 101: M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c t\u00f9y theo \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m v\u1eady v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 Paris th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y c\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n xung quanh m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Paris b\u1ea5t k\u00ec, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Paris v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t T\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ty Durex \u1edf Anh chuy\u00ean s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t bao cao su. Durex d\u00f9ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng c\u1ee7a 41 qu\u1ed1c gia, cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 (58% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n th\u00fa nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m) \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Israel (7%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Durex cho bi\u1ebft k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a 317.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o trang web c\u1ee7a Durex r\u1ed3i \u0111i\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0o l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia \u0111a ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean; l\u00fd do l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t th\u00edch l\u00e9n v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng ng\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, Shirley Glass (m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Ira Glass &#8211; Ph\u00e1t thanh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ra-\u0111i-\u00f4 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng) &#8211; m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc uy t\u00edn &#8211; \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a th\u01b0 tay c\u00e1c m\u1eabu kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng t\u1ea1i S\u00e2n bay Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Baltimore \u1edf Washington v\u00e0 trong gi\u1edd \u0103n tr\u01b0a v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 \u1edf b\u00e3i \u0111\u1eadu xe v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Baltimore \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00ec sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ai, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. (Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ed1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c bi\u1ec7n minh cho vi\u1ec7c ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 do h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u00f2ng y\u00eau t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, trong khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n thanh minh r\u1eb1ng \u201ch\u1ee9ng th\u00fa t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c\u201d l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m. Ngo\u00e0i ra ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n minh ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i l\u00fd do ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u1ea3.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 T\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a 65 qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Psychology Today tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201ccu\u1ed7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecnh\u201d tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng theo th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i th\u00ec \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u Phi l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam M\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb b\u00e0i b\u00e1o t\u00ean \u201cNh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y tan v\u1ee1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n: Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u giao thoa v\u0103n h\u00f3a,\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Laura Betzig \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ly d\u1ecb \u1edf 186 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc qua b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u00e0y th\u00ec th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1ed1i sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 Betzig mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba nh\u01b0 Bella Coola, Yurok, v\u00e0 Posmo s\u1ed1ng \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, b\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea h\u1eb9n h\u00f2 \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>***<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110I\u1ec0U AN \u1ee6I cho t\u00f4i tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea l\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9: M\u1ed9t n\u1eeda \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u ra nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i nghe thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 b\u00e0n t\u00e1n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ebfn khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0o x\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u00e0i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0y t\u00f4i l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Alfred Kinsey \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Indiana, \u00f4ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc chuy\u1ec3n sang th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1948 v\u00e0 1953. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Kinsey l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn: 50% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 26% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c ngo\u00e0i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 40.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb s\u1ed1c khi Kinsey c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng quanh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y n\u00ean c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch r\u1eb1ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia v\u1eabn tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00ec v\u1eady t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Kinsey r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 nh\u01b0ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00ean l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Kinsey cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u Kinsey thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 18.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111a s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eb1m b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho \u201cs\u1ef1 thi\u00ean v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Kinsey \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng do t\u1ef1 Kinsey \u0111\u1eb7t ra th\u00f4i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Kinsey c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd th\u00f4i. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 50, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Hoa K\u1ef3 t\u1eebng b\u1ea3o Kinsey r\u1eb1ng: \u201cT\u00f4i s\u1ebd trao \u0111\u1ed5i 18.000 b\u1ec7nh s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng 400 m\u1eabu x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 sau \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1eabn c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Kinsey ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n \u201ct\u00ecm ra\u201d th\u00eam t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh cao h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 cho ra nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 (T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Cosmopolitan x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 69% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh tu\u1ed5i ngo\u00e0i 35 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m). V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 Shere Hite \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. Hite cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 72% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, r\u1ed3i trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 l\u1ea1i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 70% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef k\u1ebft h\u00f4n sau 5 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra vi-r\u00fat HIV v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1984, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a Kinsey \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a vi-r\u00fat qua con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c qua h\u1eadu m\u00f4n; nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Julia Ericksen vi\u1ebft trong cu\u1ed1n H\u00f4n r\u1ed3i n\u00f3i (Kiss and Tell) c\u1ee7a b\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea7n th\u00eam nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1 khi b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 X\u00f4-vi\u1ebft. Khi ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Hoa K\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1987, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean r\u1ea5t hoa m\u1ef9 l\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh mang t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n Li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c T\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u201ct\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c\u201d n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Trung T\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i Chicago \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 duy\u1ec7t chi ph\u00ed cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng H\u00f2a trong Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecb s\u0129 Jesse Helms c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc Carolina v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m m\u01b0u h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh, h\u1ecd b\u1eaft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ee7 d\u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh chung th\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1992 th\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>***<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NGAY V\u00c0O L\u00daC t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp cho m\u00ecnh b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea7n Lan. Ph\u1ea7n Lan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1967 nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ea7n Lan l\u00e0m theo v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n theo d\u00f5i v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t tinh, r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n c\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u00e0i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1970, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1ea7n Lan ph\u00e1i nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 y t\u00e1 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00f5 c\u1eeda t\u1eebng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 91% trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Osmo Kontula, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea7n Lan v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992 v\u00e0 1999 cho bi\u1ebft, \u201cM\u1ed9t khi th\u1ea5y y t\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5m chu\u00f4ng th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1999 cho th\u1ea5y 41% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Ph\u1ea7n Lan v\u00e0 1\/3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u201cm\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 song song\u201d trong \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0 52, c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 29. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u00f4i h\u01a1i cho\u00e1ng v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kontula cho bi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ea7n Lan kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00ec h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01a1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u00f9ng Scandinavia, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea7n Lan kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt hay mang thai ngo\u00e0i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ea7n Lan \u0111i du l\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho h\u1ecd ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh. T\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 cho\u00e1ng khi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3i k\u00fd t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 Kontula v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1ea7n Lan l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u1edbi nhau c\u00e0ng l\u00e2u th\u00ec t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng m\u1eb7n n\u1ed3ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hi\u1ec7n nay, Kontula \u0111ang c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c trong H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1edf Helsinki, \u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft, \u201cD\u0129 nhi\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng chung th\u1ee7y v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng khi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 mang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam \u0111i gi\u1ea3i khu\u00e2y c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng 3 con nh\u1ecf: \u201cSau khi x\u00f4ng h\u01a1i v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i t\u00e1n g\u1eabu, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00e0o ch\u01a1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1n bar \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u00f2a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u01a1i men\u2026 \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 y t\u00e1 ng\u1ed3i c\u1ea1nh m\u00ecnh. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f4 l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n t\u00f4i v\u00e0 t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft c\u00f4 \u1ea5y v\u1eeba ly d\u1ecb. T\u00f4i m\u1eddi c\u00f4 \u1ea5y nh\u1ea3y m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n r\u1ed3i gh\u00ec ch\u1eb7t c\u00f4 \u1ea5y v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n. Th\u1eadt ra c\u00f4 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb9p l\u1eafm, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ee3 t\u00f4i n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00f4 \u1ea5y l\u00e0m d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng trong t\u00f4i ch\u1ee3t d\u00e2ng tr\u00e0o. Sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i c\u1ee9 l\u1ea3i nh\u1ea3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f4 \u1ea5y pha cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u1ea5m c\u00e0 ph\u00ea\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n m\u00f2 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1996 \u1edf St. Petersburg, ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t 5 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111i t\u00e0u h\u1ecfa t\u1eeb Helsinki \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3. St. Petersburg kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n h\u1ebft cho to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Nga c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t gh\u00ea g\u1edbm. Kho\u1ea3ng 55% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 26% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u201cquan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c ngo\u00e0i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n\u201d song song v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1998, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh trong n\u0103m qua v\u00e0o Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t To\u00e0n di\u1ec7n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 d\u00e2n \u1edf M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd v\u1eabn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t hay hai n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n t\u1eeb 1972 \u0111\u1ebfn nay. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1991 th\u00ec h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c ngo\u00e0i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Kinsey hay nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp b\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng t\u1eebng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 21% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 10% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Con s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i cao nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Kinsey. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2004, 21% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 12% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef &#8211; t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 16% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh M\u1ef9 &#8211; th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 sa ng\u00e3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Trung b\u00ecnh t\u00ednh ra, trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 40 n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd l\u1ee1 l\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh lu\u00f4n kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh \u201ctrong c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi\u201d h\u01a1n v\u00ec trong chuy\u1ec7n ch\u0103n g\u1ed1i, k\u00ed \u1ee9c s\u1ebd phai m\u1edd, c\u00f2n h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111i. Theo t\u00f4i ngh\u0129, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec ai m\u00e0 nh\u1edb n\u1ed5i, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed3 m\u1edbi quen n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh theo chu k\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u0103m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u1eadt ti\u1ebft h\u1ea1nh. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 5,4% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 3,4% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh cho bi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2004, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 4% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 3% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 d\u00e2n ham ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c b\u00ed \u1ea9n. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung th\u1ee7y theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuy v\u1eady c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n M\u1ef9. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 khi th\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh trong Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t To\u00e0n di\u1ec7n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea trong Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Chicago v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 t\u1ef1 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ngay d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u00ec trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 30. \u0110\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i trung ni\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng qua n\u0103m nay, khi b\u00e0 ta 50 tu\u1ed5i th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n x\u1ea3y ra n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c h\u01a1n 3% trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 40 v\u00e0 50, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 60. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay khi b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3o gi\u00e0 \u1ea5y ch\u1ecbu neo m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady. Kho\u1ea3ng 3% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 70 cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh trong n\u0103m r\u1ed3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n: Sau \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 65, c\u1ee9 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa hai gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng xa h\u01a1n khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u00e0 \u0111i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn sung s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c c\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 1988 \u0111\u1ebfn 2004, 7,4% ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en v\u00e0 3,1% ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u00e0i gi\u00e1 th\u00fa v\u1edbi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u0103m qua. C\u00f2n trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994, 12% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da \u0111en b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m qua, trong khi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 3%. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da \u0111en l\u00e0 7%, c\u00f2n da tr\u1eafng ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n 1%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn li d\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng g\u00ec khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. Cu\u1ed9c Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t To\u00e0n di\u1ec7n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1991 \u0111\u1ebfn 2004 cho th\u1ea5y 10,5% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 11% nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00f3a ch\u1ed3ng\/v\u1ee3 b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd t\u1eebng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 31% nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 li d\u1ecb v\u00e0 22% nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i h\u00f4n cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd t\u1eebng l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u201cly th\u00e2n\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t: 40% trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u00e0i gi\u00e1 th\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m. Theo Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t To\u00e0n di\u1ec7n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf 12 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 1988 \u0111\u1ebfn 2004. Kho\u1ea3ng 6% ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn t\u1eebng v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m trong n\u0103m qua, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 3%, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 2,6%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. Theo nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9 d\u00e2n c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi 10.000 USD c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp tr\u00ean 60.000 USD. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trung h\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh cao nh\u1ea5t (5,2%), sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p trung c\u1ea5p (3,4%) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p cao \u0111\u1eb3ng (3,6%). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n th\u00ec con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 2,5%, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfm 3%, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung th\u1ee7y nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m qua. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh trong c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed lu\u00f4n th\u00edch th\u00fa chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u201cph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n\u201d \u1edf Nh\u1eadt, Nga, Brazil v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p; d\u0129 nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u1edf M\u1ef9 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean trang b\u00eca c\u1ee7a t\u1edd Newsweek v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 12\/7\/2005 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u1ef1a r\u1ea5t k\u00eau \u201cTh\u00e2m cung b\u00ed s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phu nh\u00e2n.\u201d C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c b\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng. T\u1edd Newsweek gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y r\u1eb1ng: th\u1eddi nay, c\u00e1c b\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee7 can \u0111\u1ea3m lao v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u t\u00ecnh \u00e1i v\u00ec c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 lo cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t khi h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u00edch ch\u01a1i b\u1eddi ti\u00eau khi\u1ec3n, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u1edbi hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c; \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u00edch l\u00e0m. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi, qua \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1991 \u0111\u1ebfn 2002, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng chung th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng t\u1eeb 10% l\u00ean 15%. Trong c\u00f9ng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, t\u1eeb 21% l\u00ean 22% v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Khi quan s\u00e1t k\u0129 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u201cxu h\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d n\u00e0y \u1edf M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady. T\u1eeb b\u1ed1n cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb 1991 \u0111\u1ebfn 1996, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi 40 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh ngang nhau, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ean \u201cHi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh: d\u1ef1a theo s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi M\u1eabu th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m Ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean To\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c.\u201d V\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u0103m 1992 \u1edf M\u1ef9, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1eeb 18 \u0111\u1ebfn 29 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ngay sau khi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean Newsweek \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i th\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2004 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2004, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 11,7% so v\u1edbi 12,8% v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1993. C\u00f2n t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2004 th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1988 (3,1% so v\u1edbi 2,8%). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 minh ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 90. Tom W. Smith, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t To\u00e0n di\u1ec7n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, \u201cNh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00f4i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0 khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ecd bi\u1ec7n minh cho sai ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1991 \u0111\u1ebfn 2001, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c b\u00e0 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm k\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u0169ng kh\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111i l\u00e0m s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 t\u1edd Newsweek kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh hay kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70 v\u00e0 80. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1988, v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng h\u01a1n th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70 hay kh\u00f4ng. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 70 ng\u00e0y nay di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 v\u00e0 70 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin n\u1ed5i c\u00e1i ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch \u0111oan trang c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m h\u01a1n v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho c\u00f4ng ty m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. Ngay khi \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1991 \u1edf M\u1ef9, ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quanh qu\u1ea9n \u1edf nh\u00e0 h\u01a1n; khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111i l\u00e0m, m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u1edf nh\u00e0 nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>***<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u0102N T\u00ccM C\u00c1C S\u1ed0 LI\u1ec6U TH\u1ed0NG K\u00ca v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh b\u1eaft b\u00f3ng. C\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n t\u00f4i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n th\u00ec nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c; tuy nhi\u00ean, danh s\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1ed1n hay n\u0103m b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng. V\u00ec v\u1eady t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ti\u00eau c\u1ea3 gia t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 ph\u00ed t\u1ea3i ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 hay ph\u1ea3i n\u00e0i n\u1ec9 anh b\u1ea1n David \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng New York g\u1eedi ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng email hay th\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn Paris cho t\u00f4i. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng danh s\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1eefu \u00edch. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00f2ng b\u00e1m \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ec th\u01b0 t\u1eeb David. B\u00ean trong c\u00f3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1995 v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cH\u00e0nh x\u1eed v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n: Nh\u1eefng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1ec7nh HIV.\u201d \u1ede trang 2 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean\u201d t\u1ea1i 18 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 qua l\u1ea1i 12 th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t di\u1ec5n ra. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u Phi, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Hong Kong, Th\u00e1i Lan, Sri Lanka v\u00e0 Rio de Janeiro. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u00ec v\u1eady vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 tr\u00ean v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m tr\u00ean 3 qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u00f4i ch\u1ee3t c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9, ch\u00e2n tay cu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3 l\u00ean. L\u1ee1 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t m\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb n\u1ed5i t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00ec sao? L\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 m\u01b0a t\u1ea1t qua c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang \u01b0\u1edbt nh\u00f2a h\u1ebft th\u00ec sao?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f4i v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng g\u1eedi email cho m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, \u00f4ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tai to m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng V\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 Y h\u1ecdc Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1edf London danh ti\u1ebfng. H\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111ang s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng chung kh\u00f4ng? \u00d4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi Martine, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n. V\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi sao? T\u00f4i l\u1ea1i n\u00edn th\u1edf vi\u1ebft cho Martine, c\u00f4 \u1ea5y h\u1eb3n \u0111ang r\u1ea5t b\u1eadn cho b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i ki\u00ean tr\u00ec li\u00ean l\u1ea1c trong nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y, t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng vi\u1ebft cho c\u00f4 v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u th\u1eadt b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cXin ch\u00e0o Martine,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mong r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p &#8211; t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4i \u0111ang l\u00e0m phi\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb cho t\u00f4i s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00c3 K\u1ebeT H\u00d4N v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh trong n\u0103m qua m\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng\u2026&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f4 chuy\u1ec3n th\u01b0 t\u00f4i cho \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p Emma, v\u00e0 c\u00f4 n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho t\u00f4i ngay ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cXin ch\u00e0o Pamela,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f4i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 101 th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa! T\u00f4i g\u1eedi k\u00e8m cho c\u00f4 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3u ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 % nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng hay c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i chung s\u1ed1ng cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh trong n\u0103m qua nh\u00e9\u2026&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00f4i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nghe nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n kh\u1ebd h\u00e1t trong khi t\u1edd b\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra. Trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef \u1edf 36 qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1eeb Armenia \u0111\u1ebfn Zimbabwe. \u0110em b\u1ea3ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 cho ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1eafm v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Nh\u1eadt, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Emma c\u00f2n c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng cao v\u00ec ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a th\u00ea, v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n hay h\u1ed1i th\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c th\u00ec b\u1ea3ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 l\u1eafm r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u Emma g\u1eedi cho t\u00f4i n\u00eau ra m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o. \u1ede Nigeria, 15% c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i chung s\u1ed1ng cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c trong n\u0103m qua. \u1ede Haiti, 25% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. \u1ede B\u1edd Bi\u1ec3n Ng\u00e0 v\u00e0 Cameroon l\u00e0 36% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. C\u00f2n Togo, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y ch\u00e2u Phi c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y Virginia, th\u00ec x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi 37%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh Latin s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang theo ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh trong 12 th\u00e1ng qua c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u1edf Bolivia l\u00e0 8,6%, 12% cho Brazil v\u00e0 13,5% cho Peru. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ri\u00eang r\u1ebd v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2001 d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Mexico \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 15%. T\u00f4i c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u1ea1c b\u01b0\u1edbc trong n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00f4i \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u00e0i t\u00ecnh trong c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 29% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u1edf Mozambique l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec bao nhi\u00eau trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u1ea1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi? T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ecdn h\u1ecd \u01b0?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 bao g\u1ed3m d\u00e2n \u00dac, M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Th\u1eadt ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u00dd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tay t\u00e1n g\u00e1i c\u1ef1 ph\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 3,5% c\u1ea3 n\u0103m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi 4%. C\u00f2n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 chi\u1ebfm 3% v\u00e0 \u00dac th\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u1edd g\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i b\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi 2,5%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. D\u1ef1a theo danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, trong khi c\u00e1c qu\u00fd \u00f4ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lang ch\u1ea1 v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i th\u1ee7 ti\u1ebft ngoan ngo\u00e3n \u1edf nh\u00e0. Tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u201cnh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro\u201d nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o th\u00ec t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00ec 20% \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u1edf Burkina Faso v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Dominica kh\u00f4ng chung th\u1ee7y, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1% c\u00e1c b\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh t\u1eebng v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m. S\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 2% ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfm tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00f3n tay. C\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf Nepal, Philippines v\u00e0 Mali l\u1ea1i chung th\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u00ec l\u1ea1, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 0 tr\u00f2n tr\u0129nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ed3n vinh l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb d\u1ec5 l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>***<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ec0 N\u00c0Y \u00c1M \u1ea2NH t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. V\u00ec sao s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i \u00edt h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng? Ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ebd c\u00e1c qu\u00fd \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n hay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 n\u00e0ng t\u1eeb n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn? Hay theo v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng, bao g\u1ed3m g\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4 nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh th\u1eddi v\u1ee5, \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i quanh \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u201cthi\u00ean v\u1ecb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n\u201d, hay n\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c \u00f4ng th\u00ec ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c b\u00e0 th\u00ec gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eb9m sai tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng gi\u1edbi. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ngay khi l\u00e0m c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd khuy\u1ebft danh th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra c\u00e2u \u0111\u00e1p \u201c\u0111\u00fang\u201d, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ef1c ch\u00fat n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c th\u00f4i. M\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u1edf Anhnh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00ean hu\u00eanh hoang r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u01a1n 20 c\u00f4 trong \u0111\u1eddi ra th\u00ec t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa hai gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhau. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt qu\u00e1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft. N\u00f3i chung, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u1ea5m \u00e1p s\u1ebd l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng h\u01a1n (Scandinavia v\u00e0 St. Peterburg l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7.) Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft, s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n chia r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o; gi\u00e0u th\u00ec v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m \u00edt h\u01a1n, c\u00f2n ngh\u00e8o th\u00ec t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c. Ti\u1ec1n t\u00e0i trong chuy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh mang t\u00ednh hai m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. X\u00e9t \u1edf m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i, l\u1eadt qua m\u1eb7t kia th\u00ec l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. \u1ede Kazakhstan, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 theo \u0111\u1ea1o H\u1ed3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 8.200 USD l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia chung th\u1ee7y nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f2n Nepal, v\u1edbi thu nh\u1eadp b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n l\u00e0 1.400 USD c\u0169ng chung th\u1ee7y kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u01b0 Rwanda, Philippines, v\u00e0 Bangladesh c\u00f3 v\u1ebb c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 chung th\u1ee7y. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng Na-uy l\u1ea1i \u0111ang d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u s\u1ed1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o c\u0169ng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh ngang ng\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p. \u1ede Brazil, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 r\u00fat ra r\u1eb1ng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam hay mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Qua \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o hay ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 chung th\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00e2n M\u1ef9 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i chuy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh h\u01a1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t theo h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 v\u1ee5ng tr\u1ed9m t\u00ednh theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh to\u00e0n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng theo th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng tin th\u00ec chuy\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u00e0i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u1edf M\u1ef9 l\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfm x\u1ea3y ra. Ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 16% d\u00e2n M\u1ef9 cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd t\u1eebng ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00f2n x\u00e9t trong v\u00f2ng 1 n\u0103m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 3,5% th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb khi n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u00e1c k\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c n\u00e0y t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1988. V\u00ec v\u1eady chuy\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch d\u1ec5 l\u00e2y lan \u1edf M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n su\u1ed1t b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u nay? Xin th\u01b0a, v\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5tk\u00ec qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e2u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh hay l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 n\u00ean l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o gia \u0111\u00ecnh, h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: Gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng &#8211; Pamela Druckerman T\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu th\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i cho th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16469","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tam-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16469","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16469"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16469\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16475,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16469\/revisions\/16475"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16469"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16469"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16469"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}