{"id":16941,"date":"2021-12-07T15:52:12","date_gmt":"2021-12-07T08:52:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/post\/?p=16941"},"modified":"2021-12-07T15:55:49","modified_gmt":"2021-12-07T08:55:49","slug":"vi-sao-thay-boi-luon-noi-dung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/vi-sao-thay-boi-luon-noi-dung\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00cc SAO TH\u1ea6Y B\u00d3I LU\u00d4N N\u00d3I \u0110\u00daNG?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: Nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i &#8211; Minh Anh<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3i to\u00e1n, chi\u00eam tinh \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o qu\u00e1 chung chung, n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. N\u0103m 1992, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Geofrey Dean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft ra 10 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 26 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p nh\u1ea5t. 1. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Barnum, hay vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, chung chung. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean theo c\u00e1c m\u00e0n xi\u1ebfc c\u1ee7a P.T. Barnum. N\u0103m 1949, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c m\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0: &#8220;B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n&#8221; hay &#8220;b\u1ea1n th\u00edch m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat thay \u0111\u1ed5i&#8221;. Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o Barnum c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn khi: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1) Ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2) L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 \u01b0a, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n, tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0: &#8220;B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp&#8221;,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> 3) \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. \u0110\u1ecdc ngu\u1ed9i (cold reading), hay vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX t\u1ea1i Berlin, ch\u00fa ng\u1ef1a Hans th\u00f4ng minh bi\u1ebft l\u1ef1a theo ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n (nh\u01b0\u1edbn m\u00e0y, nh\u0103m tr\u00e1n, h\u00edt v\u00e0o hay th\u1edf ra, v\u01b0\u01a1n hay so vai\u2026) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m to\u00e1n. Ng\u1ef1a c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft, th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i, m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed1t c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea1o &#8220;k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea5y tin&#8221; n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Fox, hay ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb l\u1eeba b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e0u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi am hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f3i, ta s\u1ebd tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, th\u1ef1c ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang. N\u0103m 1947, ba nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng vai &#8220;ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Fox&#8221; thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc 55 nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"Vietlearn\" rel=\"nofollow\">gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean<\/a>, quan ch\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Khi \u0111i\u1ec1n phi\u1ebfu th\u0103m d\u00f2, 42 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng: b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t, nhi\u1ec1u minh ho\u1ea1 v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u01b0 duy. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n nghe th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng v\u1ea7ng h\u00e0o quang, hay t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Ta c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5y b\u00f3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng, t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 h\u01a1n thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1m t\u1ea5t h\u01a1n \u0103n m\u1eb7c c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3, \u01b0a nh\u00ecn h\u01a1n k\u00e9m h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c\u2026 Gi\u1edbi b\u00f3i to\u00e1n thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y! <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u1ea3o hay tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. Ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y. T\u1eeb v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong \u0111\u1eddi, ta nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i m\u00e0 ta th\u00edch. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. T\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ea7m hay v\u00ec sao th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sai. D\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 chung chung n\u00ean kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m. N\u1ebfu sai th\u00ec th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7n minh, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft thi\u00ean c\u01a1. Ai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft thi\u00ean c\u01a1? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (placebo), hay n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t n\u1ebfu ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ta. R\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xem b\u00f3i l\u1ea1i hy v\u1ecdng th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i n\u00f3i sai. C\u00e1i \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1ee3i h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i. Khi h\u1ecd b\u00f3i sai, ta s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng \u00e1m hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> 8. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, hay bu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ra d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n ta ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cho \u00edt ti\u1ec1n boa, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 anh ta ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ra g\u00ec, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n boa \u00edt th\u1eadt. Anh ta cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ti\u00ean tri, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft b\u00ed \u1ea9n xung quanh Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9. K\u00fd \u1ee9c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc, hay ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec mu\u1ed1n nh\u1edb. Khi th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0a ra hai d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 t\u00e1m d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o sai, ta say s\u01b0a k\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 hai d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o &#8220;\u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1&#8221;, m\u00e0 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 20%! Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nhi\u1ec1u khi \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00f2 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u1edbi 50% (th\u1eafng hay thua, trai hay g\u00e1i\u2026), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed 70% (th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft ng\u00e0y mai gi\u1ed1ng h\u00f4m nay). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng mong \u01b0\u1edbc, hay d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Gi\u1edbi b\u00f3i to\u00e1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu n\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ta t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u. Khi c\u00f3 ai tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ta t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi, th\u00f4ng minh, gi\u00e0u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, giao thi\u1ec7p r\u1ed9ng, th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, ta t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u huy\u1ec1n c\u01a1!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00ean m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00f4 s\u01a1 nh\u01b0ng h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3ng (hot reading). N\u00f3 th\u00f4 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Dean nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi. V\u1eeba g\u1eb7p b\u1ea1n, \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ngay r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi do \u0111\u00e3 xem qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean h\u1eb9n b\u1ea1n v\u00e0o tu\u1ea7n sau. \u0110\u00fang h\u1eb9n b\u1ea1n t\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta li\u1ec1n k\u1ec3 vanh v\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd t\u00ean, c\u01a1 quan, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u2026 B\u1ea1n cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc &#8220;t\u00e0i ngh\u1ec7&#8221; si\u00eau ph\u00e0m v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 tin theo t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1ea7y n\u00f3i, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1m t\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o b\u00e1m theo b\u1ea1n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo b\u1ea1n, b\u00f3i to\u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: Nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i &#8211; Minh Anh Nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3i to\u00e1n, chi\u00eam tinh \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o qu\u00e1 chung chung, n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. N\u0103m 1992, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Geofrey Dean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft ra 10 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 26 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16941","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kham-pha"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16941","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16941"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16941\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16976,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16941\/revisions\/16976"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16941"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16941"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16941"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}