T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: Nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i – Minh Anh<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua, kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Ai C\u1eadp ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c pharaoh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft v\u00e0 m\u00e1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ai C\u1eadp, tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, m\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, qua nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb l\u00e2u, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Ai C\u1eadp, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 h\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c pharaoh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ra ch\u00fang: H\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o? H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p? \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1888, qua cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Flinders Petrie t\u1ea1i ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Senwosert II \u1edf Ilanhun. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng bao quanh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafp n\u1ec1n cao, t\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch b\u00f9n, b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea5y papyrus, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ebb con, c\u00f9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh th\u00ec gi\u1edd cho vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp h\u1ecdc Mark Lehner v\u00e0 Zahi Hawass quanh khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ea1i Kim T\u1ef1 Th\u00e1p (Great Pyramid) m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Theo nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p Herodotus, \u0110\u1ea1i Kim T\u1ef1 Th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi 100.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 ba th\u00e1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m th\u1ee3 m\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Herodotuss. Vua Khufu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb Ai C\u1eadp \u1edf tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u2013 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i Kim T\u1ef1 Th\u00e1p \u2013 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong tay \u00f4ng. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. M\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i Kim T\u1ef1 Th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi g\u1ea7n 4.000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao, nh\u01b0 th\u1ee3 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, th\u1ee3 n\u1ec1, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 16.000 \u2013 20.000 th\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ed1c, tr\u1ed9n v\u1eefa, cung \u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u\u2026 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea1i Kim T\u1ef1 Th\u00e1p l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 20.000 \u2013 25.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m trong 20 n\u0103m hay l\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 th\u1ee3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 2 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 con c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m lo chu \u0111\u00e1o. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee3t ba hay b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng, s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1i \u00edt quy c\u1ee7 h\u01a1n d\u1ecdc theo l\u00e0ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u201cgiang s\u01a1n\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. Ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 x\u00e2y kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Nazletes \u2013 Samman hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a trang \u1edf d\u1ed1c thoai tho\u1ea3i, n\u01a1i ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, tr\u1ebb con c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p. M\u1ed3 m\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p b\u1eadc thang, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9 v\u00f2m, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n \u201cm\u01b0\u1ee3n\u201d t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p ch\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n d\u1ed1c ngh\u0129a trang l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung \u1ee9ng v\u1eadt t\u01b0. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecdn tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a trang lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u1edf Giza. Trong s\u1ed1 600 b\u1ed9 h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1edf ngh\u0129a trang kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n 50% l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 23% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho ph\u00e9p k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 con ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00f3ng m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c pharaon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u01b0\u1ee3ng vua Ramses II \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ede c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n kh\u1eafc mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p. Ch\u00fang cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n. T\u1ea1i khu kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Giza, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u00f3m 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1i t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 (2686-2181 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 10 \u1ed5 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1i bia m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng quy ch\u1ebf cao h\u01a1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u1ed5 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea1i bia h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t tr\u1eef l\u00e2u n\u00ean theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ec1n. Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Ai C\u1eadp kh\u00e1c, s\u1ebd s\u1edbm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi khi ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mua s\u1eafm. Trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n l\u1ea5p v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c. \u1ede ph\u00eda nam th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh lang c\u00e1ch nhau b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, hai c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u1ed5 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u1eeba c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn con c\u00e1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn d\u00e0nh cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, Lehner v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kho hay n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o. X\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00fac v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1ecbt, c\u1eebu, l\u1ee3n\u2026 Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i trong nh\u00e0, trong x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i gia s\u00fac cao c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 b\u00f2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf r\u1ed3i ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ea5m v\u00e0ng d\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eefu gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Anh<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sau khi \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ADN tr\u00edch t\u1eeb h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Mopamia thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y khoa \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cairo \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Kufu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n mang t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ai C\u1eadp. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 n\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n \u201cAi C\u1eadp h\u00f3a\u201d. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n r\u1eddi b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 50 hay 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebfn sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 15.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. H\u1ecd quay v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng<\/a> m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi m\u1ebb h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho h\u1ecd, d\u00f9 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n \u0103n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n l\u1ee3i, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n con s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i trong th\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Herodotus cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, Lehner v\u00e0 Hawass cho l\u00e0: Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia. Mark Lehner c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n, so s\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp kho th\u00f3c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Amish \u1edf M\u1ef9, n\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung?<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra b\u00ed quy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp x\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd d\u1ea7n t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9 d\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e2y tuy\u1ebft t\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tuebingen \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd g\u1ed7 tuy\u1ebft t\u00f9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t guaiacol c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n. Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn l\u1ee3n t\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ed1ng vi khu\u1ea9n c\u1ef1c cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ebd l\u00e0m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp h\u1ecdc ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean b\u1edfi h\u1ecd v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng d\u1ea7u \u01b0\u1edbp x\u00e1c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e2y b\u00e1ch x\u00f9 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2y tuy\u1ebft t\u00f9ng, b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u0169ng n\u1eafm trong tay qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1ch x\u00f9. Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ea5t chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e2y b\u00e1ch x\u00f9 nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a guaiacol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a vua Tutankhamun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u1ecd t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch do nh\u00e0 b\u00e1ch khoa Pliny the Elder th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Pliny b\u1edfi cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau n\u00e0y. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Pliny b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI\u201d, Ulrich Weser t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tuebingen tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm: Nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i – Minh Anh T\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua, kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Ai C\u1eadp ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c pharaoh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17066","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kham-pha"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17066","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17066"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17066\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17067,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17066\/revisions\/17067"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17066"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17066"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17066"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}