Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n cho m\u00e1y r\u1eeda xe, m\u00e1y n\u00e9n kh\u00ed,\u2026Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 g\u00ec, vai tr\u00f2, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. V\u1eady th\u00ec \u0111\u1eebng b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 2 ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, b\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y trong m\u1ea1ch, chia \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p, k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n trong m\u1ea1ch. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 R, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 \u00f4m, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u00f4m l\u00e0 \u03a9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n khi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Z, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o trong SI l\u00e0 \u03a9 (ohm). Tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chuy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ee9a th\u00eam th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7ch pha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Quang tr\u1edf l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Quang tr\u1edf c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf quang. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o quang \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd quang d\u1eabn. Quang tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o gi\u1eefa v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2y ra c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng an to\u00e0n khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ra th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 500V ho\u1eb7c 1000V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 1W, 5W, 10W,..\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn \u0111i qua. Khi c\u00e1c bo m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u1edbn n\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n m\u1ea1ch, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n sao cho c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ebfu m\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp th\u00ec Rt\u0111 b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c R c\u00f3 trong m\u1ea1ch, m\u1ea1ch song song th\u00ec 1\/Rtd=1\/R1+1\/R2+\u2026+1\/Rn, m\u1ea1ch h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai th\u00ec ta c\u1ee9 t\u00ednh t\u1eebng nh\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf m\u1ed9t r\u1ed3i h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y d\u1eabn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y d\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho t\u00ednh c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y d\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y d\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n d\u00e2y d\u1eabn,<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n nay<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u1ef1 theo c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chia \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh 6 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf cacbon: L\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e9p h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p b\u1ed9t than v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng tr\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c thanh c\u00f3 v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m ho\u1eb7c s\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf d\u00e2y qu\u1ea5n: L\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea5n d\u00e2y kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00e9m ho\u1eb7c d\u00e2y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u00f5i g\u1ed1m c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng l\u00f2 xo xo\u1eafn. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 WH ho\u1eb7c W c\u00f3 sai s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 1-10%<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf film: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft tinh kim lo\u1ea1i, cacbon ho\u1eb7c oxide kim lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean l\u00f5i g\u1ed1m. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp film v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, dung sai r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf m\u00e0ng: L\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef chung g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf m\u00e0ng kim lo\u1ea1i, m\u00e0ng cacbon v\u00e0 m\u00e0ng oxit kim lo\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a kim lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0ng oxit v\u00e0o thanh g\u1ed1m c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf b\u0103ng: L\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f9ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eafc song song v\u1edbi nhau. Lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e1o r\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0n chung 1 ch\u00e2n, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/a> c\u00f3 v\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecf, t\u00f9y lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t: \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c d\u00e1n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u00e1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch in. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 nh\u1ecf ch\u1ec9 0.6\u00d70.3mm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf thanh, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf s\u1ee9,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i qua n\u00f3. V\u1eady n\u00ean c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf s\u1ebd l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n R=U\/I<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n U: l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eadt d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111o b\u1eb1ng V\u00f4n (V)<\/p>\n\n\n\n I: l\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i qua v\u1eadt d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111o b\u1eb1ng Ampe (A)<\/p>\n\n\n\n R: l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng Ohm (\u03a9)<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n, d\u00e2y d\u1eabn ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng in tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 l\u00ean linh ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c quy \u01b0\u1edbc chung \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt d\u00e0i, tr\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u00f3 v\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hai v\u1ea1ch ch\u00e9o (\/\/) l\u00e0 0,125w<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t v\u1ea1ch ch\u00e9o (\/) l\u00e0 0,25w<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t v\u1ea1ch ngang (-) l\u00e0 0,5w<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t v\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng (|) l\u00e0 1,0w<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hai v\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng (||) l\u00e0 2,0w<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hai v\u1ea1ch ch\u00e9o v\u00e0o nhau (\\\/) l\u00e0 5,0w<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f2n (X) l\u00e0 10,0w<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ghi tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111i k\u00e8m nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi. Khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb 1 \u00f4m \u0111\u1ebfn 999 \u00f4m s\u1ebd ghi l\u00e0 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 999<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb 1000 \u00f4m \u0111\u1ebfn 999 000 \u00f4m se ghi l\u00e0 1K \u0111\u1ebfn 999K<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb 1 M\u00eaga\u00f4m tr\u1edf l\u00ean s\u1ebd ghi l\u00e0 1,0; 2,0; 3,0\u2026 5,0\u2026 10,0\u2026 20,0\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng m\u00e0u, v\u00f2ng m\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c v\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u b\u1ea1n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u00e1t c\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ea1ch dung sai s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m xa h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00ec c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o sau gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 k\u03a9, M\u03a9,\u2026M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 4 v\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u, \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1ea1ch cu\u1ed1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n dung sai. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf 4 v\u00f2ng m\u00e0u s\u1ebd l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f3 4 v\u00f2ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 1,2,3 v\u00e0 4. Trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 1 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c, v\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 2 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, v\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1ed1 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 = (v\u00f2ng 1)(v\u00f2ng 2) x 10 ( m\u0169 v\u00f2ng 3)<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 4 l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u1edf cu\u1ed1i n\u00ean lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u00e0u nh\u0169 v\u00e0ng hay nh\u0169 b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 sai s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean khi \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb l\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua v\u00f2ng n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u00e0u nh\u0169 th\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf v\u00f2ng sai s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c \u1edf v\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 3, n\u1ebfu v\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 3 l\u00e0 nh\u0169 th\u00ec s\u1ed1 m\u0169 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1ed1 10 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 5 v\u00f2ng m\u00e0u s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1ch sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 5 v\u00f2ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 1,2,3 v\u00e0 4, 5. Trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 1 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m, v\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 2 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c, v\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng s\u1ed1 4 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1ed1 10. V\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 5 l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng ghi sai s\u1ed1, tr\u1edf 5 v\u00f2ng m\u00e0u th\u00ec m\u00e0u sai s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh sai v\u00f2ng cu\u1ed1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00f2ng cu\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf 4 v\u00f2ng m\u00e0u nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 4 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1ed1 10, v\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 1, s\u1ed1 2, s\u1ed1 3 s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 = (v\u00f2ng 1)(v\u00f2ng 2)(v\u00f2ng 3) x 10 ( m\u0169 v\u00f2ng 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh v\u00f2ng s\u1ed1 4 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o khi \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf 3 v\u00f2ng m\u00e0u ho\u1eb7c 5 v\u00f2ng m\u00e0u. Ph\u00eda b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a giao di\u1ec7n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn s\u1ed1 v\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ecdn m\u00e0u s\u1eafc t\u1eebng v\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5m v\u00e0o m\u00e0u c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n t\u00ednh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u1edf khung nh\u1ecf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i k\u00e8m theo dung sai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n t\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0u \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chi ti\u1ebft h\u00e3y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi Vietlearn.org \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec? \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n 9V nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n 12V ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u n\u1ed1i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ee5t \u00e1p b\u1edbt 3V tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c cho b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u1ea1o dao \u0111\u1ed9ng R C<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i qua c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea1o ra ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5t \u00e1p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch khi m\u1eafc n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hy v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 g\u00ec, c\u00e1c k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3ng m\u00e0u,\u2026N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p, qu\u00fd kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng h\u00e3y comment ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u01b0 v\u1eabn s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n<\/a> b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n cho m\u00e1y r\u1eeda xe, m\u00e1y n\u00e9n kh\u00ed,\u2026Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3352","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3352","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3352"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3352\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3352"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3352"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3352"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}