Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng trong Sinh h\u1ecdc 8. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00ean \u0111i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 do kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. V\u1eady ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1? C\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng \u1edf th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh. C\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5p l\u00e1 \u1edf c\u00e2y x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c l\u00e1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 do th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00f3ng khi lan truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ea3 2 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng lan truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, \u00e2m thanh hay s\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng hay ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o t\u1eebng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9, pha ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1: Khi nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi t\u00ean m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb ph\u00eda sau, ta s\u1ebd quay \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c2m thanh g\u1ecdi t\u00ean ta s\u1ebd k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u00e0o c\u01a1 quan th\u1ee5 c\u1ea3m th\u00ednh gi\u00e1c, l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh xung th.\u1ea7n ki.nh theo d\u00e2y th.\u1ea7n ki.nh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 th.\u1ea7n ki.nh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u1eeb th.\u1ea7n ki.nh trung \u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t \u0111i xung th\u1ea7n kinh theo d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh ly t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi c\u01a1 quan ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00e0m ta c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 quay \u0111\u1ea7u khi c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2: Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 tr\u00ean g\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 3: Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 tr\u00ean t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u00f3 2 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, s\u00f3ng ph\u1eb3ng s\u1ebd lan truy\u1ec1n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng PO \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 (g\u01b0\u01a1ng) th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m O v\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng OQ. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, d\u1ef1ng tia vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i O, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o g\u00f3c t\u1edbi \u03b8i v\u00e0 g\u00f3c ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, \u03b8r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh \u1ea3o qua b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng. B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 cong c\u0169ng cho c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7u l\u1ed3i v\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7u l\u00f5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n x\u1ea3y ra khi s\u00f3ng \u0111i t\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p gi\u1eefa 2 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111i theo nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y khi ta chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t tia s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng, khi quan s\u00e1t b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec7t s\u00e1ng. Khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb h\u1eaft l\u1ea1i theo m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng, ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt xung quanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 2 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 m\u1ea5t \u0111i n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp luy\u1ec7n, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1; x\u1ea3y ra kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u00edch, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. Do c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb n\u00e3o n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y li\u00ean l\u1ea1c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi trong v\u1ecf n\u00e3o gi\u00fap c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea9m sinh, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 m\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, di truy\u1ec1n. Do c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb t\u1ee7y s\u1ed1ng, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1edd t\u1ee7y s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o qua m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u01a1n ngh\u0129a tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y hay b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
So s\u00e1nh cung ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa v\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 cung ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1. V\u1eady n\u00ean Vietlearn.org s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gi\u1ed1ng nhau<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 lan truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng xung th\u1ea7n kinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gi\u00fap cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u00fap c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u00e1c nhau<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cung ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 V\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi 3 n\u01a1 ron \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m, trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 li t\u00e2m Mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, do c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u cung ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, n\u00ean 3 n\u01a1 ron h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m, trung t\u00e2m, li t\u00e2m tham gia nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
X\u1ea3y ra nhanh, mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin b\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 X\u1ea3y ra ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Mang nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Chi ph\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Th\u1eddi gian k\u00e9o d\u00e0i<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mong r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung th\u00f4ng tin trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u201cPh\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1\u201d s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00edch cho b\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u00e0o cho b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, qu\u00fd b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc h\u00e3y comment ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi, Vietlearn.org s\u1ebd t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1n trong th\u1eddi gian s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng trong Sinh h\u1ecdc 8. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00ean \u0111i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 do kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. V\u1eady ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y v\u00e0i v\u00ed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3737","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3737","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3737"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3737\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3737"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3737"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3737"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}