{"id":4356,"date":"2021-11-17T12:25:08","date_gmt":"2021-11-17T05:25:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/post\/?p=4356"},"modified":"2021-11-17T12:25:10","modified_gmt":"2021-11-17T05:25:10","slug":"ren-luyen-tu-duy-phan-bien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/ren-luyen-tu-duy-phan-bien\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng<\/a> v\u00f4 cung c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. V\u1eady T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? V\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n? H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng trung t\u00e2m t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u00e9!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n (Critical thinking) c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh hay gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft. B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai hay \u0111\u00fang. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0 duy theo l\u1ed1i Socrat c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p c\u1ed5, c\u00f2n \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, l\u00e0 trong kinh V\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Wikipedia, th\u00ec t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng g\u1ed3m ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 theo c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, l\u00f4-g\u00edc, \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng, t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u1ed9 khung kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi hay nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. T\u00edch c\u1ef1c trao d\u1ed3i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n:<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nghe n\u00f3i t\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ngh\u0129 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n n\u00f3i th\u1eadt t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c em ph\u1ea3i trao d\u1ed3i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, n\u1eafm v\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. T\u1eadp th\u00f3i quen quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 khi bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn th\u00ec m\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm r\u00f5 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. H\u00e3y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1ch quan:<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t th\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c em ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1ch quan m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129 hay gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo ki\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh hay \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. H\u00e3y b\u1ecf c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ch\u1ee7 quan, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1ch quan m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00e1c em m\u1edbi l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch logic v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1. H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u1eafc m\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o:<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        Khi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 th\u00eam ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap cho m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ph\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng hay x\u1ea3y ra ngo\u00e0i suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c sai s\u00f3t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        1. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a \u00fd ki\u1ebfn:<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          Khi nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta n\u1eafm r\u00f5 th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec? V\u1ec1 ai? V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c g\u00ec? Sau \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 logic, h\u00e3y l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. T\u1ea1i sao A m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i B, A \u0111\u00fang hay B \u0111\u00fang, n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 A th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, B th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf \u00e0o, c\u00e1i n\u00e0o m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          T\u00d3M L\u1ea0I:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng<\/a> quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m r\u1ee7i ro v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, suy ngh\u0129 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin sai l\u1ea7m. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu. M\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean tri th\u1ee9c cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u00ec m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc hay kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc th\u00ec c\u00e1c em comment \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nha. Like v\u00e0 share \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c em nh\u00e9!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00f4 cung c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. V\u1eady T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4356","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4356","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4356"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4356\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4356"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4356"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4356"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}