Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Khi h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng<\/a> nghe (LISTENING) lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng<\/a> kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ecdc sinh<\/a> s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, t\u00ednh thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghe \u2013 n\u00f3i (anh \u1ea5y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i accept hay except?), tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc \u2013 vi\u1ebft (nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eebng ch\u1eef tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y). Chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi ri\u00eang ti\u1ebfng Anh. T\u00f4i v\u1eabn nh\u1edb th\u1eddi \u0111i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt, tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edd thi m\u00f4n Nghe th\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 tin \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, nghe v\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng<\/a> t\u1ea7m th\u1ea5p, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean. Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd do c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh<\/a>, k\u00e8m v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean<\/a>. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean<\/a> ch\u1ec9 am hi\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 WRITTEN v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng h\u1ec7 quy t\u1eafc WRITTEN v\u00e0o SPOKEN, cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u1ec1 LISTENING.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y nghe m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00ec gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean thi\u1ebfu t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean tham kh\u1ea3o. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc sinh nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0110\u1eccC B\u1eb0NG M\u1ed2M c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung so\u1ea1n theo h\u1ec7 WRITTEN, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea1y SPOKEN m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5. Do ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y t\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n T\u1ef0 \u0110\u1ea0T \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nghe n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9\u2026nghe m\u00e3i. Ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0y ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c m\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00f4i t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt 100% v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1eafc m\u1eafc. Vi\u1ec7c \u201cc\u1ee9 nghe m\u00e3i\u201d c\u0169ng v\u00f4 \u00edch nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c g\u1eadp b\u1ee5ng th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m eo: ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ed9t s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng \u00edch g\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb ph\u00eda h\u1ecdc sinh, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nghe kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. Tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ecdng (accent) duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean. \u0110\u00e3 v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i theo phong c\u00e1ch \u201cn\u00f3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ebfc nghe\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i, tr\u00f2n v\u00e0nh r\u00f5 ch\u1eef t\u1eebng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t cho m\u1ed9t anh t\u00e2y) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc sinh trong l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Do ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng Anh trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1ecb cho\u00e1ng khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nghe th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (phim \u1ea3nh, radio, h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp), n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 accent v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 quen \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef in r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tay xa l\u1ea1; th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 b\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 duy (c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean l\u1eabn h\u1ecdc sinh), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn LISTENING. \u1ede h\u1ec7 WRITTEN, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tin r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3u 100% nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft (v\u00ec text l\u00f9 l\u00f9 ra \u0111\u1ea5y). B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia (100% interpretation) v\u00ec b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y 100% nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u1ede tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i test r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n . Chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u (tr\u00edch tr\u00ean b\u00e1o) d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 20 t\u1eeb l\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh<\/p>\n\n\n\n . Cho h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ebft, t\u1eaft m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c 20 t\u1eeb v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn k\u1ef9<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng \u0111o\u00e1n ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecdc sinh ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c 3 t\u1eeb m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 1\/7 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung (message) c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c (different wording). Ch\u1ec9 3 t\u1eeb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i message c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i\u2026) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i 100% nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean text c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n kh\u00f3, v\u1eady b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nghe (ch\u1ecbu th\u00eam \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3i, ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ecdng, ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh\u2026). M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nghe kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i 100% interpretation m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 REASONABLE INTERPRETATION, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i. Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc nghe ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nghe r\u00f5 c\u1ea3 c\u00e2u. Vi\u1ec7c nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft 100% nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n L\u00c0M C\u1ea2N TR\u1ede kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng LISTENING. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh NGHE \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C R\u00d5 T\u1eeaNG CH\u1eee M\u1ed8T nh\u01b0ng nghe xong c\u00e2u l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng hi\u1ec3u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i g\u00ec (!?).<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1eady chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong h\u1ec7 SPOKEN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i (compress) m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o trong c\u00e2u (utterance). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe nh\u1eadn g\u00f3i th\u00f4ng tin (package) n\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng t\u1eeb, k\u00e8m theo hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh (context). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang 100% v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng (v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi hay c\u00e3i nhau). Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y (\u1ea2nh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ra sao?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi t\u1eadp nghe ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd (mental resources) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean v\u00f4 b\u1ed5 cho h\u1ecdc sinh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u201ct\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o keyword\u201d, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 keyword? L\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c keyword khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i \u00e2m thanh b\u00f9ng nh\u00f9ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi SPOKEN, keyword lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng volume (n\u00f3i to) v\u00e0 clarity (n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u00ecn d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 volume:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i, b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i to v\u00e0 r\u00f5, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n mang th\u00f4ng tin quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m KH\u00d4NG PH\u1ea2I L\u00c0 TUA L\u1ea0I HAY HO\u1ea2NG S\u1ee2. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 xem th\u00f4ng tin m\u00ecnh b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 c\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i \u00e2m thanh nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 l\u00edu r\u00edu, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin trong h\u1ec7 SPOKEN r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cao l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ra ch\u1ec9 to\u00e0n \u201cr\u1eb1ng th\u00ec m\u00e0 l\u00e0\u201d, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec h\u1ebft. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i to d\u00f5ng d\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft (m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb m\u1edbi), b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1eebng tua l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb, vi\u1ec7c nghe l\u1ea1i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, th\u1ee9 ba th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u00edch g\u00ec th\u00eam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi SPOKEN, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 WRITTEN quen thu\u1ed9c. \u1ede WRITTEN, th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng. Trong v\u0103n vi\u1ebft, l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng (\u201chuge big tree\u201d t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 sai). Nh\u01b0ng trong SPOKEN, t\u00ednh l\u1eb7p (redundancy) m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t m\u1ea9u th\u00f4ng tin s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau (\u201cthe huge tree, the big one over there, you see\u201d). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o listener n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c message v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m. V\u1eady khi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c A, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean suy ra A t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin xung quanh n\u00f3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau A th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb mang n\u1ed9i dung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. V\u1eabn c\u00e2u ph\u00eda tr\u00ean nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 redundancy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5 y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 redundancy, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay trong b\u00e0i Idiom 1 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp M\u00e9o Mi\u1ec7ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n A: I just got canned. Fine though, can\u2019t stand my boss any more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B: What? You got fired? What happened?<\/p>\n\n\n\n Khi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a idiom \u201cgot canned\u201d, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 B\u00ccNH T\u0128NH NGHE TI\u1ebeP v\u00ec b\u1ea1n BI\u1ebeT CH\u1eaeC CH\u1eaeN R\u1eb0NG th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u201cgot canned\u201d s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i (ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra) t\u1eeb th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00eda sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vi\u1ec7c nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 duy, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t quy lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a WRITTEN v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi SPOKEN. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tin xem phim m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1eadt subtitles n\u1eefa. Thay v\u00ec xo\u00e1y s\u00e2u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh nghe r\u00f5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi reasonable interpretation c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 phim. Ch\u00fac c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc nghe vui v\u1ebb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Khi h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nghe (LISTENING) lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, t\u00ednh thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghe \u2013 n\u00f3i (anh \u1ea5y v\u1eeba n\u00f3i accept hay except?), tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4543","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4543","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4543"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4543\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4543"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4543"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4543"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}