N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng c\u00e2u “t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u00eam d\u1ecbu nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc” \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u1ee9ng ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0 “dao”, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t, khai m\u1ecf, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft r\u1eddi th\u00e9p t\u1ea5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, trong v\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u gi\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cao \u00e1p phun v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cao \u00e1p d\u00f9ng trong khai th\u00e1c than. Khi b\u01a1m cao \u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean cao v\u00e0i tr\u0103m megapascan (MPa) l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00f3i th\u1ee7ng t\u1ea7ng than \u0111\u1ec3 than r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng. D\u00f9ng b\u01a1m \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi than b\u1ecb x\u00f3i r\u1eddi l\u00ean cao t\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c than b\u1eb1ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft g\u1ecdt th\u00e9p t\u1ea5m l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi khai th\u00e1c than. V\u00ec c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p t\u1ea5m m\u1ecfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 700 MPa. Khi \u0111\u01b0a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ecbt k\u00edn c\u00f3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb m\u00e0i h\u1ecfng m\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra r\u00f2 r\u1ec9. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ecbt k\u00edn, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho v\u00e0o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc 5% d\u1ea7u c\u1eaft c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ho\u00e0 tan. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1ecbt k\u00edn. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u1eed l\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u01a1m cao \u00e1p b\u1ecbt k\u00edn, r\u00f3t dung d\u1ecbch d\u1ea7u v\u00e0o trong v\u00f2ng b\u1ecbt k\u00edn hai l\u1edbp, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ednh d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch d\u1ea7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh b\u1ecbt k\u00edn c\u1ee7a b\u01a1m n\u01b0\u1edbc cao \u00e1p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, sau khi n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb trong \u1ed1ng phun ra, s\u1ebd l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c t\u1ea3n ra. M\u1ed9t khi c\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1n x\u1ea1, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1eaft g\u1ecdt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed cho v\u00e0o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u00edt polome m\u1ea1ch d\u00e0i polivinyl oxit. Ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1m l\u00ean ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb mi\u1ec7ng v\u00f2i b\u1eafn ra d\u00ednh v\u00e0o nhau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0i, trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ef1 li b\u1eafn ra r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u1ea3n ra, v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 ba g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 do \u00e1p l\u1ef1c d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec7ng v\u00f2i so v\u1edbi \u1ed1ng phun ph\u1ea3i cao, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc phun ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eafn tr\u00fang m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ec7ch. Hi\u1ec7n nay, mi\u1ec7ng v\u00f2i phun n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 h\u1ee3p kim c\u1ee9ng cao c\u1ea5p, ng\u1ecdc th\u1ea1ch, kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng, v.v. \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh mi\u1ec7ng v\u00f2i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 0,05 mm. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00e1ch trong c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 phun tr\u01a1n b\u00f3ng ph\u1eb3ng phiu, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi 1700 MPa (17.000 atm).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m “dao” c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng; th\u00e9p t\u1ea5m, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea5m, k\u00ednh, ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng “dao n\u01b0\u1edbc” \u0111\u1ec3 gia c\u00f4ng. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tr\u01a1n nh\u1eb5n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebft s\u1ea7n s\u00f9i nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb c\u01b0a, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 laze v\u00e0 axetylen l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb c\u1eaft g\u1ecdt l\u00ean cao m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. Khi c\u1eaft g\u1ecdt m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 h\u1ee3p, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed1c ra kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c sinh ra kh\u00f3i b\u1ee5i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 xuy\u00ean th\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nhanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1eaft g\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Theo \u0111\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a “dao n\u01b0\u1edbc” s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng “dao n\u01b0\u1edbc” \u0111\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf l\u1edbp s\u01a1n g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 tr\u00ean linh ki\u1ec7n, d\u00f9ng dao n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee5c l\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp n\u00e1t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, c\u1ecd s\u1ea1ch v\u1eadt b\u00e1m l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u00e2n t\u00e0u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n v\u1ecbt, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i khoa n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a: Dao n\u01b0\u1edbc; B\u01a1m cao \u00e1p; \u00c1p su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng c\u00e2u “t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u00eam d\u1ecbu nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc” \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u1ee9ng ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0 “dao”, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t, khai m\u1ecf, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5578","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5578","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5578"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5578\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5578"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5578"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5578"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}