Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 trong k\u0129 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf. V\u1eady th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Quan s\u00e1t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 c\u00e1i c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, b\u00ean trong n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea3nh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t. Khi c\u00e1i c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi khoang mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh, c\u1ed9t thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n li\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoang mi\u1ec7ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0o b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u1ed9t thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1eafc, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ch\u1ea5t \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u1eafc, ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. C\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 Celsius l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n nay. Nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf l\u00e0m theo thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf Celsius. C\u00e1i c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf Celsius. Trong nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf Celsius, \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9 Celsius. K\u00ed hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng 0\u00b0C, \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00f4i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 100 \u0111\u1ed9 Celsius, k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 100\u00b0C, r\u1ed3i chia \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ed9t thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n gi\u1eefa 0\u00b0C v\u00e0 100\u00b0C th\u00e0nh 100 ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nhau, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 1\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thang th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t. Nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf do n\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng K. N\u0103m 1990, thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec3m ba pha c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 273,15 K c\u1ee7a thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i quy \u0111\u1ecbnh con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nh\u1ec9?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0, trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII – XIX, t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u1ec5 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p 1\u00b0C th\u00ec \u00e1p su\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m \u0111i 1\/273,15 c\u1ee7a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u00fac 0\u00b0C; c\u00f2n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u1ec5 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p 1\u00b0C th\u00ec th\u1ec3 t\u00edch gi\u1ea3m \u0111i 1\/273,15 l\u00fac \u1edf 0\u00b0C. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra, khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb 0\u00b0C b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u2013273,15\u00b0C th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ra \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ee9c \u0103n. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u201315 ~ \u201320\u00b0C. Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p n\u1eefa kia. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u2013200\u00b0C th\u00ec nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Theo \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ebft l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, \u00e1p s\u00e1t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Hi\u1ec7n nay, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi k\u1ec9 l\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 10-8 K v\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u0103m d\u00f2 trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 0\u00b0K c\u1ee7a thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt quy n\u1ea1p r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. V\u00ec sao kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t suy lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 suy ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, song kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: Thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9; Thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9; Celsius; Thang nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc; \u0110\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i; K\u0129 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p; \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 trong k\u0129 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i c\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf. V\u1eady th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5650","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5650","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5650"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5650\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5650"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5650"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5650"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}