Bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i khi c\u1edfi \u00e1o len, c\u00f3 l\u00fac b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng “l\u1eb9t r\u1eb9t”, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft, b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y hoa \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1edbp ch\u1edbp n\u1eefa! \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u1ec9?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, tr\u00ean th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n v\u1eeba tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u01b0\u1ee3t “s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t”. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n gi\u1eadt g\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2u. Nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u0129 Franklin, ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1752 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea3 di\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u00e9t t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. C\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean quy m\u00f4 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u00e9t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n tr\u1ea3i qua, ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “s\u00e9t vi m\u00f4” c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y g\u00ec. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 sao l\u1ea1i mang \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ec9?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u do nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. Trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0i electron. Electron mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u00e2m b\u1eb1ng nhau, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng da, l\u00f4ng ch\u00e0 s\u00e1t que cao su, d\u00f9ng mi\u1ebfng nh\u1ef1a ch\u00e0 x\u00e1t que thu\u1ef7 tinh, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng mang \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 li\u1ec1n mang \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ee5n gi\u1ea5y nh\u1ecf. Th\u00ec ra, khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ecd x\u00e1t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, do n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00fat electron c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu, s\u1ef1 c\u1ecd x\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 electron t\u1eeb v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00fat electron y\u1ebfu ch\u1ea1y sang v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00fat electron t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t electron mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c electron mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ma s\u00e1t sinh \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec7n do ma s\u00e1t sinh ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ma s\u00e1t sinh \u0111i\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 khi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4 hanh, d\u00f9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a ho\u1eb7c cao su c\u1ee9ng ch\u1ea3i t\u00f3c s\u1ea1ch xong, li\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 electron t\u1eeb t\u00f3c ch\u1ea1y sang c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e0m cho t\u00f3c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh m\u00e1i t\u00f3c, t\u00f3c s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e8 nh\u1eb9 h\u00fat v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u00fang ta m\u1eb7c \u00e1o len, su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0m cho gi\u1eefa \u00e1o len v\u1edbi s\u01a1 mi, gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 mi v\u1edbi l\u1edbp da kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ma s\u00e1t. Ma s\u00e1t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch. \u0110\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i khi c\u1edfi \u00e1o len, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m l\u1ea1i trung ho\u00e0, sinh ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta li\u1ec1n nghe ti\u1ebfng “l\u1eb9t r\u1eb9t”, nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y hoa l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1edbp ch\u1edbp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00edt b\u0103n kho\u0103n. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 mang \u0111i\u1ec7n, li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ec9? Ch\u1edb qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0o ch\u1ea1y qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e2u. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec khi c\u1edfi \u00e1o len c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n hay sao? C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5y, song do \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng \u00e3m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u cul\u00f4ng, cho d\u00f9 th\u1eddi gian ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m gi\u00e2y th\u00ec c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 0,1 mA, so v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n 50mA g\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eadt cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 xa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tuy d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n sinh ra khi t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta, song n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c. Tia l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec7n do ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n sinh ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m x\u0103ng b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi n\u1ed5. V\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u1edf kho x\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o b\u1eb1ng ni l\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng terylen (s\u1ee3i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Anh). Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c xe xi tec v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n x\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i k\u00e9o l\u00ea m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i” d\u00e2y x\u00edch s\u1eaft. “C\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i” \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 tr\u00ean xe xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Photocopy t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u00e1y in laze l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p quang h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh \u1ea9n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c h\u00fat t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u00fat l\u1ea5y b\u1ed9t m\u1ef1c, r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch b\u1ed9t m\u1ef1c l\u00ean gi\u1ea5y photocopy nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u ch\u1ee5p con d\u1ea5u l\u00ean, sau c\u00f9ng h\u01a1 n\u00f3ng cho b\u1ed9t m\u1ef1c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y. M\u00e1y sinh \u0111i\u1ec7n Van de Graaf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u1ed1c c\u00e1c ion, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i x\u1ea1 ion v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: Ma s\u00e1t sinh \u0111i\u1ec7n; Ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n; T\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u00e9t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i khi c\u1edfi \u00e1o len, c\u00f3 l\u00fac b\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng “l\u1eb9t r\u1eb9t”, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eaft, b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y hoa \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1edbp ch\u1edbp n\u1eefa! \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n g\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u1ec9? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, tr\u00ean th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n v\u1eeba tr\u1ea3i qua h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u01b0\u1ee3t “s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t”. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5704","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5704","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5704"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5704\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5704"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5704"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5704"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}