\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t do nguy\u00ean t\u1eed h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Electron trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn hay l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u electron. Trong kim lo\u1ea1i, l\u1ef1c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi electron r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u1edbt, c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng electron c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do. Cho n\u00ean, electron trong kim lo\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 electron t\u1ef1 do. M\u1ed9t khi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean, c\u00e1c electron t\u1ef1 do trong kim lo\u1ea1i r\u0103m r\u1eafp ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng trong ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c electron mang \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e2m ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ee9c h\u00fat c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed mang \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n t\u00e1ch ra, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t “c\u00e1i b\u1eaby” v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c electron b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 “c\u00e1i b\u1eaby” r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng sao “tho\u00e1t th\u00e2n” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh electron t\u1ef1 do, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn n\u1eb1m \u1edf gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, electron ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t \u00edt so v\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. Theo \u0111\u00e0 l\u00ean cao c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a electron m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn electron li\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e3y tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh electron t\u1ef1 do tham gia d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. D\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u1ecdi s\u00e1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho electron nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e0ng cao, s\u1ed1 electron gi\u00e3y tho\u00e1t r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh, qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u1ed9n t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn. Ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao g\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed silic c\u00f3 ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ed1n, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t photpho (P) ho\u1eb7c asen (As) v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u0103m, ch\u00fang thay v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed silic th\u00ec li\u1ec1n th\u1eeba ra m\u1ed9t electron. Electron \u1ea5y li\u1ec1n tham gia d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. Lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn tr\u1ed9n t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn ki\u1ec3u n. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0o l\u00e0 bo ho\u1eb7c in\u0111i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ba, th\u00ec s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu \u0111i m\u1ed9t electron, th\u1eeba ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng mang \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng mang \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd tham gia d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. Lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn tr\u1ed9n t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn ki\u1ec3u p. Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn ki\u1ec3u n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u p ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac nhau h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u1edbp chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp p-n. L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbp chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp p-n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, \u0111\u00e8n hai c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e8n ba c\u1ef1c v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng trong k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: Ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n; Ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n; Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn; D\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n; L\u1edbp chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp p-n; Electron t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t do nguy\u00ean t\u1eed h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Electron trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quanh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn hay l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5748","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5748","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5748"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5748\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5748"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5748"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5748"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}