Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng t\u1eebng linh ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e8n hai c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e8n ba c\u1ef1c v.v. ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, h\u00e0n ch\u00fang v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m m\u1ea1ch in s\u1eb5n ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u1eddi h\u00e0n c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0, khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 100 ngh\u00ecn tranzito c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 x\u1ea3y ra h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n n\u00e0o r\u1eddi ra ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o h\u1ecfng \u0111i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. V\u1ec1 sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nh\u1ecf, m\u1ecdi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xong xu\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. C\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng d\u00e2y d\u1eabn r\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t m\u1ea3nh n\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng linh ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m silic b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ec9? Qua m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 thu\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 gia c\u00f4ng m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n oxi ho\u00e1, kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (quang kh\u1eafc), pha t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t, kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 v.v. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. Ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u00ean v\u00e0i tr\u0103m tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00f3i chung ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi m\u1ea1ch bao g\u1ed3m 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 100 tranzito (b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn) l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf (SSI); g\u1ecdi m\u1ea1ch bao g\u1ed3m 100 \u0111\u1ebfn 1000 tranzito l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee1 v\u1eeba (MSI); g\u1ecdi m\u1ea1ch bao g\u1ed3m 1000 \u0111\u1ebfn 10000 tranzito l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn (LSI), m\u1ea1ch bao g\u1ed3m 1000000 tranzito tr\u1edf l\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p si\u00eau l\u1edbn (VLSI). Qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ee1 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec1u \u00edt c\u1ee7a con s\u1ed1 tranzito ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Song, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u0103ng l\u00ean theo t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a “c\u1ee1” c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf \u0111i. C\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ed3n ch\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a linh ki\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb khi ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p (IC) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 th\u1ea1ch anh, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, m\u00e1y gi\u1eb7t, m\u00e1y tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n tivi t\u1eeb xa v\u00e0 trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7n gia d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0i m\u1ea3nh m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u00ec kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1ed3i. T\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh s\u1edf d\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e2ng cao ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p mang l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1ea1c, nh\u00f4m, s\u1eaft v.v. r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. C\u00f2n ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo, thu\u1ef7 tinh, cao su, g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 v.v. h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m \u1edf gi\u1eefa ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i theo s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt l\u00ed: \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn tinh khi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao, ho\u1eb7c khi c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c sau khi c\u00f3 t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn v\u00e0o, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn li\u1ec1n t\u0103ng l\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u00ednh n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta li\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i linh ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p (IC), v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u01a1i trong k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Silic v\u00e0 gecmani l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 b\u00e1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: M\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n; M\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p; IC c\u1ee1 nh\u1ecf; IC c\u1ee1 v\u1eeba; IC c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn; IC<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng t\u1eebng linh ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e8n hai c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e8n ba c\u1ef1c v.v. ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, h\u00e0n ch\u00fang v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m m\u1ea1ch in s\u1eb5n ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u1eddi h\u00e0n c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0, khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5754"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5754\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}