\u0110\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t con b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t v\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh l\u00fap, r\u1ed3i x\u00ea d\u1ecbch k\u00ednh l\u00fap \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ef1c ra, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng to l\u00ean. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1i k\u00ednh l\u00fap, \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t xem con b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t \u0111\u00f3, \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi quang h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng trong ph\u00f2ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m sinh v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean l\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi quang h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0i l\u1eafm, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh. \u1ede hai \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u1eafp v\u00e0i th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh pha l\u00ea th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u00ednh ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i chung, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh, \u1ed1ng k\u00ednh c\u00e0ng d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tha h\u1ed3 gia t\u0103ng con s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng? Tuy r\u1eb1ng gia t\u0103ng con s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh l\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u1ea3nh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh ph\u00f3ng to tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edd m\u1edd kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m sao nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0i pha l\u00ea v.v. Khi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 2500 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch g\u00ec n\u00e2ng cao th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi quang h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u1ea3nh v\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee1 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u00ec khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u00f2ng qua, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh do \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Qua c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u00f3ng electron. V\u00ec electron c\u00f3 mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m, khi n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n cao \u00e1p h\u00fat m\u00e0 sinh ra chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng cao t\u1ed1c th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e0ng cao, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a electron c\u00e0ng nhanh, b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng ng\u1eafn. Khi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 50 kilov\u00f4n, b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng electron ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1\/100.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 1\/180.000 c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. Cho n\u00ean k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o theo c\u00e1ch l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng s\u00f3ng electron, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi quang h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00ean v\u00e0i ng\u00e0n l\u1ea7n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n. Lo\u1ea1i k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi s\u00fang electron, v\u1eadt k\u00ednh, k\u00ednh chi\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u00e0n hu\u1ef3nh quang v.v. S\u00fang electron do s\u1ee3i t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e8n h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef V v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i \u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf (d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ef1c) t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. Khi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i qua, t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e8n n\u00f3ng l\u00ean ph\u00f3ng ra c\u00e1c electron, ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ef1c h\u00fat th\u00e0nh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 gia t\u1ed1c. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a electron cao t\u1ed1c v\u1ee5t qua c\u00e1i l\u1ed7 \u1edf gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ef1c, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u00f9m electron. V\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng s\u00f3ng electron n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi quang h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng r\u1ed3i, c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh ph\u00f3ng to. Th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh trong k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai t\u1ea5m s\u1eaft c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 mang c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh. T\u1eeb t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 do cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u \u0111i qua sinh ra, cho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong l\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00f9m electron sinh ra chuy\u1ec3n l\u1ec7ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 sinh ra khi tia s\u00e1ng \u0111i qua th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh thu\u1ef7 tinh. Cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh thu\u1ef7 tinh, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f3ng to. Khi ch\u00f9m electron xuy\u00ean qua v\u1eadt m\u1eabu c\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t, th\u00f4ng qua v\u1eadt k\u00ednh v\u00e0 k\u00ednh chi\u1ebfu h\u00ecnh ph\u00f3ng to l\u00ean, sau c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean m\u00e0n hu\u1ef3nh quang v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra \u1ea3nh v\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0i tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn l\u1ea7n. Ba th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng to v\u1eadt \u1ea3nh g\u1ea5p 200 ngh\u00ecn l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i cao si\u00eau v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t nhanh, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3 i trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 luy\u1ec7n kim, sinh v\u1eadt, ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00ed, y h\u1ecdc, v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi quang h\u1ecdc; K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb; Th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0110\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t con b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t v\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh l\u00fap, r\u1ed3i x\u00ea d\u1ecbch k\u00ednh l\u00fap \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u1ef1c ra, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng to l\u00ean. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1i k\u00ednh l\u00fap, \u0111\u1eb7t […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5788","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5788","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5788"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5788\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5788"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5788"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5788"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}