C\u1ea3nh chi\u1ec1u h\u00f4m v\u1eeba bu\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e8n hoa b\u1eadt s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u00e8n \u1ed1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd, trang \u0111i\u1ec3m cho to\u00e0n khu ph\u1ed1 t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e1o hoa r\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1eaft xem kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Khi ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn: v\u00ec sao \u0111\u00e8n \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n d\u00e2y t\u00f3c, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m do nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh E\u0111ison ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra. Lo\u1ea1i b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y cho d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i qua d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e8n, sau khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nung tr\u1eafng ra th\u00ec ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7t ti\u00eau hao m\u1ea5t \u0111i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. N\u0103m 1802, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u0129 Hubert, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu trong \u1ed1ng thu\u1ef7 tinh ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1eafp d\u00e2y t\u00f3c \u0111\u00e8n, m\u00e0 n\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed b\u1ecb k\u00edch th\u00edch ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ti\u00eau hao nhi\u1ec7t? Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00f4ng n\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1i thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n v\u00e0o trong \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e8n ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o hai \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e8n, sau khi \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00edch ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 quang \u0111i\u1ec7n, h\u01a1i thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng lo\u00e1 m\u1eaft. Quang ph\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u00e1nh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00f3i r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c quay phim. V\u1ec1 sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n g\u00e2y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u00e0o h\u1ee9ng. \u0110\u00e8n thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n sau khi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng, v\u1eady v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 ngay \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed tr\u01a1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5y n\u0103m. Lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng sinh ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu k\u00edch th\u00edch m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u0103m 1910, nh\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc Claude, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea1p n\u00eaon – ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed tr\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u, v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e8n. Sau khi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, kh\u00ed n\u00eaon ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 k\u00edch ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00f3ng ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u v\u1ecf qu\u00fdt. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecf do \u0111\u00e8n n\u00eaon ph\u00f3ng ra c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean qua s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 d\u00e0y. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e8n n\u00eaon th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n b\u00e1o \u1edf b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng, s\u00e2n bay v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn giao th\u00f4ng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o phi\u00ean \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef “n\u00eaon”, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n n\u00eaon hay n\u00ea \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Acgon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed tr\u01a1 kh\u00e1c, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1t 1%, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, acgon s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u ch\u00e0m nh\u1ea1t, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea1p v\u00e0o trong \u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e8n \u1ed1ng. Ngo\u00e0i n\u00eaon v\u00e0 acgon ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e8n \u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1p kh\u00ed heli, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecf nh\u1ea1t. C\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n \u1ed1ng c\u00f2n n\u1ea1p h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed (ho\u1eb7c ba lo\u1ea1i, hai lo\u1ea1i) n\u00eaon, acgon, heli v\u00e0 h\u01a1i thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n v.v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Do t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e8n \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ebf th\u00ec, v\u00ec sao \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1ec9? Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed do h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i electron quay xung quanh n\u00f3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh. Electron v\u00f2ng trong ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p thu “m\u1ed9t su\u1ea5t” n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y sang m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ecbu k\u00edch th\u00edch. Do tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ecbu k\u00edch th\u00edch r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1c n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea3y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i q\u0169y \u0111\u1ea1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ra “su\u1ea5t” n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eeba m\u1edbi h\u1ea5p thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba \u0111\u00fang b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7u s\u1ed1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ecbu k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p thu v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 nh\u1ecf. Cho n\u00ean t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 do “m\u1ed9t su\u1ea5t” n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00e0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n do t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e8n \u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau li\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: \u0110\u00e8n thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n; \u0110\u00e8n \u1ed1ng; \u0110\u00e8n n\u00eaon; Kh\u00ed tr\u01a1; Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ecbu<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
C\u1ea3nh chi\u1ec1u h\u00f4m v\u1eeba bu\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00e8n hoa b\u1eadt s\u00e1ng. \u0110\u00e8n \u1ed1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd, trang \u0111i\u1ec3m cho to\u00e0n khu ph\u1ed1 t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e1o hoa r\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1eaft xem kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp. Khi ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5798","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5798","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5798"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5798\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5798"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5798"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5798"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}