V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00ed mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft: khi ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau r\u00fat ra c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0: m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, khi nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 t\u00f4 lao nhanh tr\u00ean qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9, n\u1ebfu trong \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt n\u00e0o \u1edf ngo\u00e0i xe, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nghe th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u00f4 t\u00f4, th\u1ebf th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong xe ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cho l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u1ea5y \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean. S\u1edf d\u0129 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecdn h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea5y c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu, tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00ec v\u1eady l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y cho l\u00e0 \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong xe l\u1ea5y \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u00e0m h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu, \u00f4 t\u00f4 ch\u1ea1y nhanh bao nhi\u00eau, h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu c\u0169ng ch\u1ea1y nhanh b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau, v\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y cho l\u00e0 \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan s\u00e1t ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eadt l\u00ed ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u1ea5y (gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng) l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 trong v\u1eadt l\u00ed g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Galilei, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu, th\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong b\u1ea5t k\u00ec h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0o \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3. Lo\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Einstein \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean l\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Galilei ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng: kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00ed kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 lan truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, nguy\u00ean l\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi hai c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng C trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, th\u1ebf th\u00ec, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean l\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng C trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh – b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i – \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 nhau, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t ra s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u1ea3! Song m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u1eadm c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u00ec v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u00f3i so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i “t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng C \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau” l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1905, Einstein c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 lu\u1eadn v\u0103n “B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng” tr\u00ean Ni\u00ean gi\u00e1m v\u1eadt l\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0a ra hai gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng C nh\u01b0 nhau. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong n\u0103m 1986 l\u00e0 C = 299792458 m\/s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1eady th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn “chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u1eadm l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu” c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ebd \u0111\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng? Einstein cho r\u1eb1ng, khi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 qua l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i Lorentz”, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u1eadm “nh\u00ecn” t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua “ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i Lorentz” suy t\u00ednh ra s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u1eadm c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c. Theo ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd r\u00fat ng\u1eafn. Khi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 90% c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n cho bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a ban \u0111\u1ea7u; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n l\u00fac n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean. Khi n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, nh\u1ecbp \u0111i\u1ec7u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u1ec1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian – kh\u00f4ng gian – th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng C so v\u1edbi thuy\u1ec1n, th\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng so v\u1edbi b\u1edd c\u0169ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng C. Lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn “chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u1eadm l\u00e0 so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu” \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y n\u1eefa. Do ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 “ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i Lorentz” mang l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec v\u1eady k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn g\u00ec v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: H\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu; H\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh; Nguy\u00ean l\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Galilei; Nguy\u00ean l\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i; Nguy\u00ean l\u00ed t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i; Ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i Lorenz; Quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng – th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00ed mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft: khi ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau r\u00fat ra c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5824","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5824","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5824"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5824\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5824"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5824"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5824"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}