Quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng) c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 photon. Danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein n\u00eau ra \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1905. Do nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft photon, Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00ed n\u0103m 1921.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1eady th\u00ec, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 g\u00ec nh\u1ec9? Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gian nan \u0111\u1ea7y quanh co tr\u1eafc tr\u1edf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00ed thuy\u1ebft do Newton \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho r\u1eb1ng, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 ra d\u00f2ng h\u1ea1t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. S\u1edf d\u0129 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1eaft, g\u00e2y n\u00ean th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. Theo l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 va \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, Huygens, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Newton, l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng do v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng. Lo\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng \u00e2m thanh ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y – ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n s\u00f3ng. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u00f3ng \u00e2m thanh. C\u00f2n s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng lan truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hai lo\u1ea1i l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra xung \u0111\u1ed9t, song do Newton c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn h\u01a1n trong gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc, l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i. M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, khi Young, Fresnel, Fraunhofer c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao thoa, ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Huygens. C\u00f2n l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Newton l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng sao gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Theo \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 quang h\u1ecdc, l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft quang h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Sau khi Maxwell ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c, l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Song l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n t\u1ecf ra b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng: Khi d\u00f9ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kim lo\u1ea1i, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho electron trong kim lo\u1ea1i v\u0103ng ra ngo\u00e0i. Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1872, Stoletov c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p Matxc\u01a1va \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, Hertz v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng thuy\u1ebft chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0: khi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a electron b\u1ecb v\u0103ng ra kh\u1ecfi kim lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Song k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y, khi d\u00f9ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u1edbn bao nhi\u00eau, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 electron quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 nhau. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a electron b\u1ecb v\u0103ng ra kh\u1ecfi kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng! H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, khi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ef1c h\u1ea1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u00e0m cho electron v\u0103ng ra kh\u1ecfi kim lo\u1ea1i trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, electron trong kim lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt ra hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 electron v\u0103ng ra khi d\u00f9ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u00edm chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n khi d\u00f9ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ecf chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi! Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, Einstein kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Theo l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng do t\u1eebng su\u1ea5t t\u1eebng su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n nguy\u00ean nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n nguy\u00ean \u1ea5y v\u1eeba \u0111\u00fang t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 (ho\u1eb7c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng, song n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh “h\u1ea1t” nh\u1ecf x\u00edu – t\u1eebng \u0111\u01a1n nguy\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u1eb3ng qua l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m d\u00f2ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (photon). Khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kim lo\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 trao n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed cho electron, quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed li\u1ec1n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n electron nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a photon, l\u1ea1i c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 li\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb trong kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1ecdt ra. Do n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m cho electron trong kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u1eadt ra ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i cho \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel. Song l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng x\u1ea3y ra 100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? L\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng hay l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng (nh\u01b0 giao thoa v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng), c\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t (nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng), song \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u s\u00f3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u00f3ng \u00e2m thanh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3u ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf x\u00edu, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh hai m\u1eb7t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng – h\u1ea1t, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00ednh hai m\u1eb7t s\u00f3ng – h\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t nh\u1ec9? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9c Planck n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng E = hv, trong \u0111\u00f3, E l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng photon, v l\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, h l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 6.62618 \u00d7 10-34 J.s. Tuy con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Gi\u1ea3 d\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta b\u1eadt s\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n 25 W, v\u00e0 coi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng, th\u1ebf th\u00ec ch\u00f9m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u1ea5y li\u1ec1n bao g\u1ed3m 6 \u00d7 1019 \u0111\u01a1n nguy\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i, ch\u00f9m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t ra 6 \u00d7 1019 quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i gi\u00e2y ph\u00e1t ra 60 t\u1ec9 t\u1ec9 su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n nguy\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Do m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng t\u1ea1m l\u01b0u gi\u1eef th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, v\u00ec v\u1eady, khi con s\u1ed1 quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u1eebng su\u1ea5t t\u1eebng su\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t, ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m s\u00e1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Qua \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n nguy\u00ean nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Tuy \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1, song n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f3ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: L\u00ed thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng; L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng; \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng; Quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed; Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang \u0111i\u1ec7n; T\u00ednh hai m\u1eb7t s\u00f3ng – h\u1ea1t; H\u1ec7 th\u1ee9c Planck.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Quang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng) c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 photon. Danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein n\u00eau ra \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1905. Do nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u to l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft photon, Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00ed n\u0103m 1921. V\u1eady th\u00ec, r\u1ed1t […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5830","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5830","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5830"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5830\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5830"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}