Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng chia ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn ra l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn: tinh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 phi tinh th\u1ec3 (v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh), nh\u01b0 th\u1ea1ch anh, mica, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1, kim lo\u1ea1i v.v. thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ec3. Tinh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc quy c\u1ee7. Khi b\u1ecb t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, tinh th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 l\u1ecfng \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, tinh th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 graphit khi b\u1ecb t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u00e3n n\u1edf \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i co nh\u1ecf l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c; khi b\u00f3c t\u1ea5m mica m\u1ecfng ra, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: \u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng song song v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng t\u1ea5m mica m\u1ecfng d\u1ec5 b\u00f3c t\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ra, c\u00f2n \u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eb3ng g\u00f3c th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u00f4i t\u1ea5m mi ca m\u1ecfng. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ecb h\u01b0\u1edbng. C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 thu\u1ef7 tinh, parafin, cao su v.v. th\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 phi tinh th\u1ec3. Phi tinh th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1ecb h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1881, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 l\u1ecfng th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y. \u1ede hai \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, tinh th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 l\u1ecfng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng s\u1ec1n s\u1ec7t h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n. C\u00f2n khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng cao \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e1ng trong r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u1eb3n. Ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m trong su\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m trong su\u1ed1t, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng. V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ecb t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3. Song ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh, v\u00ec v\u1eady tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng. C\u00f2n tinh th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh xo\u1eafn \u1ed1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng ki\u1ec3u cholesteric. D\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, theo \u0111\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean cao, lo\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1: \u0111\u1ecf, da cam, v\u00e0ng, l\u1ee5c, lam, ch\u00e0m, t\u00edm nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p ma qu\u1ef7 v\u1eady. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y r\u1ea5t cao, khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 1\u00b0C th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u. L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y th\u00e1m tr\u1eafc v\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111eo \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed tr\u00ean tay, nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5p nh\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: Tinh th\u1ec3; Phi tinh th\u1ec3 (v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh); \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y; \u0110i\u1ec3m trong su\u1ed1t; C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ecb t\u00ednh; Tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng chia ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn ra l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn: tinh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 phi tinh th\u1ec3 (v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh), nh\u01b0 th\u1ea1ch anh, mica, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1, kim lo\u1ea1i v.v. thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ec3. Tinh th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc quy c\u1ee7. Khi b\u1ecb t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, tinh th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5842","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5842","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5842"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5842\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5842"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5842"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5842"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}