Trong b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Men\u0111\u00eal\u00eaep, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 cacbon (k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 C) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, sau khi d\u00f9ng tia X ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh “ki\u1ec3m tra to\u00e0n b\u1ed9” \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o cacbon, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, do ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u00ean trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o cacbon l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch nhau r\u1ea5t xa v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t “thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh t\u00ednh n\u1ebft” (t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00ed). \u1ede graphit (nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9t b\u00fat ch\u00ec), s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng t\u1eebng t\u1ea7ng. \u1ede b\u00ean trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ong s\u00e1u c\u1ea1nh. Lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u d\u1ea1ng t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, v\u00ec v\u1eady graphit th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1 t\u00ednh m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e1 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u0169ng do nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh th\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a cacbon nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi graphit, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u \u00f4 tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng ch\u1eafc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u0129 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sau khi quay nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 quanh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n ngang theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec so v\u1edbi k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn trong lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, h\u00ecnh \u0111a di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u0111a di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u: h\u00ecnh t\u1ee9 di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u (1), h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 s\u00e1u m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec1u (2), h\u00ecnh t\u00e1m m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec1u (3), h\u00ecnh 12 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec1u (4) v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh 20 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec1u (5) (xem h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd ).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay quanh m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c \u0111i qua t\u00e2m h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec g\u00f3c n\u00e0o, h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. Tri\u1ebft gia c\u1ed5 Hy L\u1ea1p Pythagoras \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ca ng\u1ee3i r\u1eb1ng: “M\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, c\u00f2n m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u”. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00ean l\u00e0 Buckminster Fuller, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i \u00fd t\u1eeb k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u cung tr\u00f2n l\u1edbn m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u0111a di\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh 20 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec1u. Fuller cho r\u1eb1ng, sau khi c\u1eaft \u0111i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh 20 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec1u, ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh \u0111a di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba \u0111\u00fang ph\u1ee7 s\u00e1t l\u00ean m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7u. Song khi \u1ea5y, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh \u0111a di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u0111a di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh 20 m\u1eb7t b\u1ecb c\u1eaft g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec9nh. H\u00ecnh 20 m\u1eb7t b\u1ecb c\u1eaft g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh ra c\u00f3 12 h\u00ecnh 5 c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 20 h\u00ecnh 6 c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 60 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec9nh, 90 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3. H\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u1eeba kh\u00e9o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Khi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Fuller v\u1eeba m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ch\u00ea bai v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed say m\u00ea v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1985, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb trong th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 C60 c\u00f3 60 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon. V\u00ec sao c\u00f3 60 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon nh\u1ec9? M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o “h\u01a1i k\u00ec qu\u1eb7c” c\u1ee7a Fuller, 60 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec9nh s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea7y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 60 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u01b0? Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 li\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C60. V\u1ec1 sau c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c m\u00f4 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 C60 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng Fuller ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng Buckminster. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh C60 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1edbn trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd sinh ra \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: Cacbon; \u0110\u00e1 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng; Graphit; T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng; H\u00ecnh \u0111a di\u1ec7n<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Trong b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Men\u0111\u00eal\u00eaep, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 cacbon (k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 C) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, sau khi d\u00f9ng tia X ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh “ki\u1ec3m tra to\u00e0n b\u1ed9” \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o cacbon, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, do ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp k\u1ebft […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5844","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5844"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5844\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5844"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5844"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5844"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}