C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u do m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ho\u00e1 h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. Tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. V\u1eady th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u nh\u1ec9? Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong tinh th\u1ec3. D\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m tia chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean tinh th\u1ec3. Do nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong tinh th\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, v\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean l\u00ed v\u1eadt l\u00ed, s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ch\u00f9m tia, l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng tia khi \u0111i ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i y\u1ebfu \u0111i. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 tr\u00ean phim ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0n hu\u1ef3nh quang thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “h\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1”. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa tinh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ch\u00f9m tia, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 “b\u1ee9c tranh nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1” ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong tinh th\u1ec3, qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ee9c tranh vi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong tinh th\u1ec3. Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00f9m tia d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00f9m electron, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00f9m tia X. C\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean l\u00ed n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong tinh th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ec3 v\u00f4 c\u01a1 v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, do c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c tranh nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 prot\u00eain, axit nucleic v.v., vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ho\u00e0n nguy\u00ean b\u1ee9c tranh nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f3 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u vi tinh th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 quan s\u00e1t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed chui h\u1ea7m qu\u00e9t l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng chui h\u1ea7m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a electron gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi “nh\u00ecn” th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c quan, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1ea5y. Trong hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng chui h\u1ea7m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n chui h\u1ea7m v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m. Khi d\u00f9ng m\u0169i kim ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00ea d\u1ecbch tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n chui h\u1ea7m gi\u1eefa m\u0169i kim v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a electron \u1edf gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ea7u m\u0169i kim v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed chui h\u1ea7m qu\u00e9t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng n\u00f3 d\u00f9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tinh th\u1ec3, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111a tinh th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh, song v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed chui h\u1ea7m qu\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng “nh\u00ecn” th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u1edf s\u00e2u b\u00ean trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nguy\u00ean t\u1eed; K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed; K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed chui h\u1ea7m qu\u00e9t; Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng chui h\u1ea7m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u do m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ho\u00e1 h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. Tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. V\u1eady th\u00ec, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5858","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5858","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5858"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5858\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5858"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5858"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5858"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}