{"id":5860,"date":"2021-11-20T10:04:16","date_gmt":"2021-11-20T03:04:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/post\/?p=5860"},"modified":"2021-11-20T13:24:15","modified_gmt":"2021-11-20T06:24:15","slug":"lieu-loai-nguoi-co-the-thao-tac-nguyen-tu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/lieu-loai-nguoi-co-the-thao-tac-nguyen-tu\/","title":{"rendered":"Li\u1ec7u lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thao t\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 80 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi chui h\u1ea7m qu\u00e9t ra \u0111\u1eddi. N\u00f3 do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, Gerd Binnig v\u00e0 Heinrich Rohrer, c\u00f9ng <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"Vietlearn\" rel=\"nofollow\">thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/a> ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee5p ra b\u1ee9c tranh c\u1ea3nh quan ba chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed silic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i 100 tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u1ecf b\u00e9. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0111\u0103ng tin c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng t\u00edt: &#8220;Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7 khoai t\u00e2y&#8221;. V\u00ec v\u1eady, gi\u1ea3i Nobel v\u1eadt l\u00ed n\u0103m 1986 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho Ernst Ruska, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t minh ra k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi chui h\u1ea7m qu\u00e9t Binnig v\u00e0 Rohrer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trang b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi chui h\u1ea7m qu\u00e9t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp th\u00eam kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1m theo khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa m\u0169i kim v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1eabu th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thao t\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n ra v\u00e0 c\u1ea5y v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd m\u1eabu, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i nanomet. N\u01a1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thao t\u00fang nguy\u00ean t\u1eed s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u IBM n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u0129 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990. H\u1ecd s\u1eafp 35 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed x\u00eanon l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t niken th\u00e0nh ba ch\u1eef c\u00e1i &#8220;IBM&#8221;, m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef c\u00e1i c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 5 nanomet, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1ec1 sau, h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e2n t\u1eed cacbon oxit tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t platin x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 \u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ecf, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft tr\u1eafng trong \u0111\u1ed3 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed cacbon oxit, ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng, oxi \u1edf m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u1eed cao 5 nanomet. N\u0103m 1995 c\u00f3 tin t\u1ee9c n\u00f3i, tr\u00ean t\u1ea5m silic 2 cm x 2 cm \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t 16 c\u00e1i k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi chui h\u1ea7m qu\u00e9t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec c\u00f3 hi v\u1ecdng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ea5p nanomet, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi c\u1ea5p nanomet, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau cao v\u00e0 gia c\u00f4ng c\u1ea5p nanomet. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nanomet trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: K\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi chui h\u1ea7m qu\u00e9t; Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed; K\u0129 thu\u1eadt nanomet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 80 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX, k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi chui h\u1ea7m qu\u00e9t ra \u0111\u1eddi. N\u00f3 do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c, Gerd Binnig v\u00e0 Heinrich Rohrer, c\u00f9ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ebf [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5860","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5860","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5860"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5860\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5860"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5860"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5860"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}