B\u00e2\u0323t mi\u0301 ca\u0301ch \u0111a\u0301nh bay n\u00f4\u0303i s\u01a1\u0323 m\u00f4n Ho\u0301a ho\u0323c \u2013 Vietlearn<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng -> \/ <-> T\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong \u0111\u00f3: T\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tham gia v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta x\u1ea3y ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ebft th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u0169i t\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ebft th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u0169i t\u00ean hai chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u0103ng ky\u0301 ho\u0323c th\u01b0\u0309 mi\u00ea\u0303n phi\u0301 m\u00f4n Ho\u0301a ho\u0323c t\u01b0\u0300 l\u01a1\u0301p 8 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n l\u01a1\u0301p 12<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f3 m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u trong ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 8 g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb hai hay nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi (s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4P + 5O2 \u2192 2P2O5<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3Fe + 2O2 \u2192 Fe3O4<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2Fe + 3Cl2 \u2192 2FeCl3<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SO3 + H2O \u2192 H2SO4<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na2O + H2O \u2192 2NaOH<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N2O5 + 3H2O \u2192 2HNO3<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CaO + H2O \u2192 Ca(OH)2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ti\u1ebfp theo, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra hai hay nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2KMnO4 -> K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2KClO3 -> 2KCl + 3O2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2Fe(OH)3 -> Fe2O3 + H2O<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi h\u00f3a \u2013 kh\u1eed<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 oxi h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 8. V\u00ec th\u1ebf b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxi ho\u0301a \u2013 kh\u01b0\u0309 khi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m quen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd thay th\u1ebf cho nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 h\u00ecnh dung:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2Al + 6HCl \u2192 2AlCl3 + 3H2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fe + H2SO4 \u2192 FeSO4 + H2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mg + H2SO4 \u2192 MgSO4 + H2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Zn + 2HCl \u2192 ZnCl2 + H2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fe + CuCl2 \u2192 FeCl2 + Cu<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vietlearn \u2013 \u01af\u0301ng du\u0323ng da\u0323y ho\u0323c tr\u01b0\u0323c tuy\u00ea\u0301n ha\u0300ng \u0111\u00e2\u0300u Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ecfa nhi\u1ec7t (exothermic)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 k\u00e8m theo c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u, cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh xe c\u1ed9, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng thu nhi\u1ec7t. Trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p thu. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00f4i, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a 8 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sau \u0111\u00e2y: Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p, Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y, Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra ngay trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra \u201ct\u1ee9c th\u1eddi\u201d trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi\u201d l\u00fac n\u00e0y s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hay \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m sau khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tham gia trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c1p su\u1ea5t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb cho ch\u00fang ta<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m quen khi h\u1ecdc h\u00f3a 8 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u. H\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1edbi m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft Axit Baz\u01a1 mu\u1ed1i \u2013 H\u00f3a 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[B\u1ecf t\u00fai] B\u1ea3ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 l\u1edbp 8<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi c\u00e1c em l\u00ean l\u1edbp 8. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, t\u00ecm t\u00f2i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, th\u00edch theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-746","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/746","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=746"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/746\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=746"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=746"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=746"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}