Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 2 ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u trong m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. S\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i axit kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a axit xem ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m chung g\u00ec.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m quen v\u00e0o l\u1edbp 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c HxA. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a axit l\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u1ecb chua. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd tan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 pH < 7. \u0110\u1ed9 pH c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec t\u00ednh axit c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a axit kh\u00e1c l\u00e0: Axit l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed hay ion c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0\u1eddng proton H+ cho bazo ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p electron kh\u00f4ng chia t\u1eeb bazo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u0103ng ky\u0301 ho\u0323c th\u01b0\u0309 mi\u00ea\u0303n phi\u0301 m\u00f4n Ho\u0301a ho\u0323c t\u01b0\u0300 l\u01a1\u0301p 8 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n l\u01a1\u0301p 12<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i axit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i axit nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a axit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit m\u1ea1nh: axit sulfuric H2SO4, Axit clohidric HCl, axit nitric HNO3,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit y\u1ebfu: axit cacbonic H2CO3, Hydro sunfua H2S\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u1eed oxi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 oxi: HCl, H2S, HBr, HI, HF\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit c\u00f3 oxi: H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, H2CO3\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit v\u00f4 c\u01a1: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u2013 RCOOH: CH3COOH, HCOOH,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a axit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a axit l\u1edbp 9 s\u1ebd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 5 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u gi\u1ea5y qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gi\u1ea5y qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u00e0u t\u00edm trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng axit th\u00ec gi\u1ea5y qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf. C\u00f2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec1m th\u00ec gi\u1ea5y qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u xanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a axit axetic c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i axit kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i chung s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u gi\u1ea5y qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecf. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t dung d\u1ecbch axit, ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a axit l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vietlearn \u2013 \u01af\u0301ng du\u0323ng da\u0323y ho\u0323c tr\u01b0\u0323c tuy\u00ea\u0301n ha\u0300ng \u0111\u00e2\u0300u Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a axit \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit + kim lo\u1ea1i -> mu\u1ed1i + H2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit: Th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng HCl, H2SO4 lo\u00e3ng b\u1edfi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a axit sunfuric v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a axit clohi\u0111ric s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng H2 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kim lo\u1ea1i: S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc H trong d\u00e3y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00e3y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pt, Au<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb d\u00e3y kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Khi n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n may \u00e1o Z\u00e1p s\u1eaft n\u00ean sang ph\u1ed1 h\u1ecfi c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng \u00e1 phi \u00e2u<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2Na + 2HCl \u2192 2NaCl + H2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mg + H2SO4 (lo\u00e3ng) \u2192 MgSO4 + H2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fe + 2HCl \u2192 FeCl2 + H2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00e2\u0323t mi\u0301 ca\u0301ch \u0111a\u0301nh bay n\u00f4\u0303i s\u01a1\u0323 m\u00f4n Ho\u0301a ho\u0323c \u2013 Vietlearn<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi baz\u01a1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p axit v\u00e0 baz\u01a1 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit + Baz\u01a1 -> mu\u1ed1i + N\u01b0\u1edbc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c axit \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi baz\u01a1. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trung h\u00f2a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
NaOH + HCl \u2192 NaCl + H2O<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl \u2192 MgCl2+ 2H2O<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi oxit baz\u01a1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c axit \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi oxit baz\u01a1 theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit + oxit baz\u01a1 -> mu\u1ed1i + N\u01b0\u1edbc<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Na2O + 2HCl \u2192 2NaCl + H2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
FeO + H2SO4(lo\u00e3ng) \u2192 FeSO4 + H2O<\/p>\n\n\n\n
CuO + 2HCl \u2192 CuCl2 + H2O<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi mu\u1ed1i<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mu\u1ed1i (tan) + Axit (m\u1ea1nh) \u2192 Mu\u1ed1i m\u1edbi (tan ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng tan) + Axit m\u1edbi (y\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c d\u1ec5 bay h\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea1nh).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mu\u1ed1i tham gia ph\u1ea3i tan<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit m\u1ea1nh<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m mu\u1ed1i sau khi t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tan trong axit m\u1edbi sinh ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 1 ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed bay h\u01a1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i m\u1edbi tan th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 axit m\u1edbi y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H2SO4 + BaCl2 \u2192 BaSO4(r) + 2HCl<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K2CO3 + 2HCl \u2192 2KCl + H2O + CO2 (H2CO3 ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y ra H2O v\u00e0 CO2)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh, y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a axit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a axit? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 linh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Hidro trong axit \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu H c\u1ee7a axit c\u00e0ng linh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec t\u00ednh axit c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Khi axit c\u00f3 oxy trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, n\u1ebfu c\u00e0ng \u00edt oxy th\u00ec axit c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: HClO4 > HClO3> HClO2> HClO<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng axit c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3, khi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u1edf h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u00ednh phi kim c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu th\u00ec axit \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: HClO4> H2SO4> H3PO4<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1edbi axit c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m A<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit c\u00f3 oxy: T\u00ednh axit t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean: HIO4 < HbrO4< HClO4<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Axit kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 oxy: T\u00ednh axit gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean: HI > HBr> HCl> HF<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1edbi axit h\u1eefu c\u01a1 RCOOH<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ebfu R \u0111\u1ea9y electron (g\u1ed1c R no) th\u00ec t\u00ednh axit gi\u1ea3m<\/p>\n\n\n\n
HCOOH> CH3COOH> CH3CH2COOH> CH3CH2CH2COOH> n-C4H9COOH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
N\u1ebfu R h\u00fat e (g\u1ed1c R kh\u00f4ng no, th\u01a1m ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 halogen,\u2026), t\u00ednh axit s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a axit<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a axit v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/a> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. Hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho b\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/a> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Clo l\u1edbp 9 \u2013 Vietlearn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00f3 m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Axit l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 2 ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u trong m\u00f4n H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. S\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i axit kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a axit xem […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-754","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoa-hoc","category-trung-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/754","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=754"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/754\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=754"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=754"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=754"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}