{"id":7741,"date":"2021-11-20T15:18:33","date_gmt":"2021-11-20T08:18:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/post\/?p=7741"},"modified":"2021-11-20T17:13:29","modified_gmt":"2021-11-20T10:13:29","slug":"lieu-con-co-the-phat-hien-duoc-cac-nguyen-to-moi-khong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/lieu-con-co-the-phat-hien-duoc-cac-nguyen-to-moi-khong\/","title":{"rendered":"Li\u1ec7u c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">M\u1ecdi v\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 109 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1. Th\u1ebf li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m dai d\u1eb3ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1869, l\u00fac nh\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc Nga Men\u0111eleev ph\u00e1t minh b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 63 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t minh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quang ph\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u00ecm c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quang ph\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed3, n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 40 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, trong b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4 92 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 uran, tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u00f4 c\u00f2n tr\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u00f4 43, 61, 85, 87 c\u00f2n c\u00e1c \u00f4 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng uran \u1edf \u00f4 s\u1ed1 92 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o l\u00fac c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 c\u00f9ng tr\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o li\u1ec1n hai ba nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1937, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 43 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ternexi, n\u0103m 1939 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 87 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 franxi, n\u0103m 1940 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 85 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 astatin. Sau khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n astatin, su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 61. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1945, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 prometi trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 urani. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u00f4 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng trong b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p k\u00edn. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1940, sau khi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nepturin, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 93 v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 plutoni, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 94 th\u00ec c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea5y n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1944 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1954, trong v\u00f2ng 10 n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 6 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 95 \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 100, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1: amerixi, curi, berkli, califoni, einsteini v\u00e0 fecmi. N\u0103m 1955, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 101, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 men\u0111elevi, n\u0103m 1961 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 103, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 lorenxi. N\u0103m 1964, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 104 \u1edf Li\u00ean X\u00f4, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ruz\u01a1foni (Rf). N\u0103m 1970, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 105 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 hani (Ha). Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 106 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1974, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1m \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 unnilaexi (Unh). N\u0103m 1976, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 107, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 unnisepti (Uns). C\u00e1c n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 108, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 unolocti (Uno) v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 109, t\u1ee9c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 unrileni (Une). Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 110, 111\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u1ebf b\u1ea3ng danh s\u00e1ch d\u00e0i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac hay kh\u00f4ng? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n? Th\u1ef1c ra th\u00ec c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 93 tr\u1edf \u0111i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u01b0u gi\u1eef, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1t ra c\u00e1c tia b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1eadm ho\u1eb7c nhanh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3? Chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 c\u00e0ng b\u00e9. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 98 c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 l\u00e0 470 n\u0103m, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 99 c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 19,3 ng\u00e0y. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 100 c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 15 gi\u1edd, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 101 c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 30 ph\u00fat, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 103 c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 8 gi\u00e2y, nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 107 c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 1\/1000 gi\u00e2y, c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 110 c\u00f3 chu l\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e2y. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3 ng\u1eafn d\u0129 nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng, trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1 b\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 s\u1ed1 114, 126, 164. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1; Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi; Chu k\u1ef3 b\u00e1n r\u00e3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>M\u1ecdi v\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u do c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 109 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1. Th\u1ebf li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng? Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[8,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7741","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoa-hoc","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7741","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7741"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7741\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7741"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7741"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7741"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}