M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft x\u0103ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0ng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf. Ngo\u00e0i x\u0103ng, t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c etylen, propylen, buta\u0111ien, phenol, toluen, xylen, c\u1ed3n, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u01b0ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, so v\u1edbi d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf th\u00ec tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng than \u0111\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, than \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. Khi d\u00f9ng than \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u1ea5p, hai l\u00e0 trong than \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u00edch, n\u1ebfu t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00e0m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, ba l\u00e0 khi d\u00f9ng than \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t s\u1ebd g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Than \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch, h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u do hai nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 cacbon v\u00e0 hy\u0111ro t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. Hai nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “hai anh em m\u00e0u \u0111en”, l\u00e0 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng th\u00e2n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nhau. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hai lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hy\u0111ro trong ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hy\u0111ro trong d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf l\u00e0 11-14% c\u00f2n \u1edf than \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 5-8%. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn than \u0111\u00e1 th\u00e0nh x\u0103ng. T\u1eeb h\u01a1n 50 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p bi\u1ebfn than \u0111\u00e1 th\u00e0nh x\u0103ng trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hy\u0111ro trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 trong than \u0111\u00e1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nghi\u1ec1n than \u0111\u00e1 th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9t m\u1ecbn, cho th\u00eam dung m\u00f4i, r\u1ed3i s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed hy\u0111ro. Sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 380 – 460\u00b0C, hy\u0111ro s\u1ebd t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi than \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra “x\u0103ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o” v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c. D\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n x\u0103ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, d\u1ea7u mazut, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf x\u0103ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft bi\u1ebfn than \u0111\u00e1 th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed than. B\u1ed5 sung kh\u00ed hy\u0111ro v\u00e0o kh\u00ed than v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cacbon monoxit: hy\u0111ro = 1:2. D\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft, coban hay niken \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 200\u00b0C, hai ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi. Trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 83% l\u00e0 x\u0103ng, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 mazut v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. Do vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn than \u0111\u00e1 th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed than l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c, n\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf x\u0103ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p r\u01b0\u1ee3u metylic t\u1eeb cacbon monoxit v\u00e0 hy\u0111ro, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb r\u01b0\u1ee3u metylic t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u0103ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 99% r\u01b0\u1ee3u metylic th\u00e0nh x\u0103ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau hao n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, do \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf x\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1i cao h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf r\u01b0\u1ee3u metylic m\u1ed9t \u00edt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn than \u0111\u00e1 th\u00e0nh x\u0103ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa so v\u1edbi d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf than \u0111\u00e1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u \u0111i t\u1eeb than \u0111\u00e1. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u1ebfn than \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa th\u00e0nh x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: Than \u0111\u00e1; Kh\u00ed than; D\u1ea7u m\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft x\u0103ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0ng luy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf. Ngo\u00e0i x\u0103ng, t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c etylen, propylen, buta\u0111ien, phenol, toluen, xylen, c\u1ed3n, c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[8,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7761","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoa-hoc","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7761","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7761"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7761\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7761"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7761"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7761"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}