Thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. Thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t minh t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 1000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi t\u00ean thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en hay thu\u1ed1c \u0111en? T\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0u \u0111en c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 n\u1ed5. Thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec v\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 “thu\u1ed1c”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft di\u00eam ti\u00eau (t\u1ee9c kali nitrat) l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb thu\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n, trong s\u00e1ch \u201cTh\u1ea7n n\u00f4ng b\u1ea3n kinh”, di\u00eam ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 v\u1ecb thu\u1ed1c \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng di\u00eam ti\u00eau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 20 b\u1ec7nh. L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 ba, ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 10 b\u1ec7nh. Ch\u00ednh hai v\u1ecb thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ebf ra thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ebf ra. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi x\u01b0a vua ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u, h\u1ecd ra l\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt s\u0129 x\u00e2y l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ra linh \u0111an tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n ly, ho\u00e0 tan, ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t, th\u0103ng hoa nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. Thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n \u0111an b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau b\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi di\u00eam ti\u00eau, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, than g\u1ed7\u2026 H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng, khi tr\u1ed9n chung ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau th\u00ec khi \u0111\u1eadp m\u1ea1nh, ma s\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5. Nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an Ngu\u1ef5 B\u00e1 D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a di\u00eam ti\u00eau. Khi ch\u00e0 x\u00e1t m\u1ea1nh l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u1edbi di\u00eam ti\u00eau, n\u1ebfu di\u00eam ti\u00eau th\u1eadt th\u00ec s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y. Nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an th\u1eddi Nam B\u1eafc Tri\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0o Huy\u1ec1n C\u1ea3nh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu tr\u1ed9n di\u00eam ti\u00eau v\u1edbi than g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng th\u00ec s\u1ebd sinh ch\u00e1y n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh. Nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n \u0111an \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, T\u00f4n T\u01b0 M\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong s\u00e1ch “\u0110an Kinh” nh\u01b0 sau: n\u1ebfu \u0111em di\u00eam ti\u00eau, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, than g\u1ed7 tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nhau theo m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd ph\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en. Do v\u1eady ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c g\u1ed3m di\u00eam ti\u00eau 75%, b\u1ed9t than 15%, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh 10%. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 T\u1ed1ng, vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf c\u00e1c binh c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u1edfng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thu\u1ed1c \u0111en, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ea1t n\u1ed5, quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ea5y t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c t\u1ea5n. V\u00e0o n\u0103m Kh\u00e1nh L\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 th\u1eddi B\u1eafc T\u1ed1ng (n\u0103m 1040), T\u0103ng C\u00f4ng L\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft “V\u00f5 Kinh t\u1ed5ng y\u1ebfu”, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ghi t\u00ean “thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5” c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf. Trong \u0111\u01a1n pha ch\u1ebf, ngo\u00e0i di\u00eam ti\u00eau, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, than c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam axit sunfuric, nh\u1ef1a th\u00f4ng, s\u00e1p ong, s\u01a1n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o d\u00e2n gian kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Nam T\u1ed1ng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, trong d\u00e2n gian ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1ed3i thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng tre \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ra c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng ph\u00f3ng l\u1eeda (ph\u00e1o th\u0103ng thi\u00ean), v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m kali nitrat l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t oxy ho\u00e1, sinh ra kh\u00ed oxy l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y. L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh v\u00e0 than g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t ch\u00e1y. Khi ch\u00e1y s\u1ebd t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi oxy th\u00e0nh l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh \u0111ioxit v\u00e0 cacbon \u0111ioxit l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed. So v\u1edbi than g\u1ed7, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m cho thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 d\u1ec5 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh. Khi thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en ch\u00e1y s\u1ebd sinh ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed xung quanh gi\u00e3n n\u1edf m\u1ea1nh, nhanh n\u00ean g\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 4 ph\u00e1t minh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c sang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea3 r\u1eadp, sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2 R\u1eadp truy\u1ec1n sang Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. V\u00ec v\u1eady thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sau Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t minh thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft th\u00fac th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh trong qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t huy uy l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, trong ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: Thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en; Di\u00eam ti\u00eau; L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh; Than g\u1ed7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. Thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00e1t minh t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 1000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi t\u00ean thu\u1ed1c n\u1ed5 \u0111en hay thu\u1ed1c \u0111en? T\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0u \u0111en c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[8,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7763","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoa-hoc","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7763","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7763"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7763\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7763"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7763"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7763"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}