Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1915, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u1eddi r\u00e2m m\u00e1t, binh s\u0129 li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Anh – Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0o, chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n y\u00ean t\u0129nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb ph\u00eda qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u00e0n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0ng y\u00eau kh\u00ed theo gi\u00f3 bay v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Anh, Ph\u00e1p. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb, li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Anh Ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n. Trong chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0o vang l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ho, ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0o th\u00e9t. Qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3 kh\u00ed clo v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Anh, Ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong chi\u1ebfn tranh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf m\u00e0n cho cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. Ngo\u00e0i kh\u00ed clo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n kinh nh\u01b0 sarin, soman (C7H16O2PF) c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u00e0m b\u1ecfng da, c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1t (nh\u01b0 photgen COCl2)\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 (ch\u00ed \u00edt l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn) v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i kh\u00e1 cao. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec oxy c\u1ea7n cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p (-183\u00b0C). Oxy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i th\u1ea5p n\u00ean l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t b\u00e9, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i cao th\u00ec l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa oxy v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh. Than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u cacbon nh\u01b0 g\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t h\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e0o, v\u1ecf d\u1eeba \u0111em \u0111\u1ed1t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh than g\u1ed7. Sau \u0111\u00f3 cho than g\u1ed7 x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1edbp d\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 trong than g\u1ed7, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 trong than g\u1ed7 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng li\u00ean th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a than g\u1ed7 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Than g\u1ed7 qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9t c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. Trung b\u00ecnh 1g than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01a1n 1000 m2. Khi than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, do c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn n\u00ean than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u1edbn. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1. M\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra do m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u l\u1ecdc che k\u00edn m\u1eb7t. Ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c, l\u1ecdc kh\u00f3i, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp. Trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1ecdc kh\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u1edf d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t r\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt nh\u1ecf ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u1edf d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng. Trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u l\u1ecdc c\u00f3 than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u1edf d\u1ea1ng h\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho ng\u00e2m than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c oxit \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1ea1c, crom v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c oxit \u0111\u00f3. Khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh, do t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c oxit b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng, crom, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c. Khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecdc qua c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1ecdc, b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng cung c\u1ea5p oxy cho h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: Than ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh; Kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9c; T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng h\u1ea5p ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1915, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u1eddi r\u00e2m m\u00e1t, binh s\u0129 li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Anh – Ph\u00e1p \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn h\u00e0o, chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n y\u00ean t\u0129nh. \u0110\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb ph\u00eda qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u00e0n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e0ng y\u00eau kh\u00ed theo gi\u00f3 bay v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda li\u00ean qu\u00e2n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[8,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7787","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoa-hoc","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7787","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7787"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7787\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7787"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7787"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7787"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}