{"id":7805,"date":"2021-11-20T15:25:56","date_gmt":"2021-11-20T08:25:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/post\/?p=7805"},"modified":"2021-11-20T17:13:07","modified_gmt":"2021-11-20T10:13:07","slug":"vi-sao-goi-chat-xuc-tac-la-hon-da-chi-ra-vang-cua-cong-nghiep-hoa-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/vi-sao-goi-chat-xuc-tac-la-hon-da-chi-ra-vang-cua-cong-nghiep-hoa-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00ec sao g\u1ecdi ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 ra v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec (v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) sau khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c l\u1ea7n, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n, n\u00ean r\u00fat ng\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian, t\u0103ng cao hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng s\u1eaft l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa nit\u01a1 v\u00e0 hy\u0111ro qua t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng x\u00fac t\u00e1c b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 nit\u01a1 v\u00e0 hy\u0111ro trong h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p d\u1ec5 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh amoniac. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c th\u00ec trong c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p amoniac s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"Vietlearn\" rel=\"nofollow\">thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/a>, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 khi d\u00f9ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00ec tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1c l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 550\u00b0C, r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh axetal\u0111ehyd; n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng nh\u00f4m oxit l\u00e0m x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 350\u00b0C ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c etylen; n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p k\u1ebdm oxit v\u00e0 crom (III) oxit l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 450\u00b0C ta s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c butylen; n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng axit sunfuric \u0111\u1eb7c l\u00e0m x\u00fac t\u00e1c v\u00e0 gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 130 &#8211; 140\u00b0C ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ete etylic. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t to l\u1edbn trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 &#8220;h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0ng&#8221; trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. Trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m do kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4 t\u00f4, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i trong kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nit\u01a1 oxit, monoxit cacbon v\u00e0 hy\u0111rocacbon th\u1eeba\u2026 Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb x\u00fac t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o \u1ed1ng x\u1ea3 kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4 t\u00f4. Khi kh\u00ed x\u1ea3 \u00f4 t\u00f4 qua thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb x\u00fac t\u00e1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd, c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u00e1y c\u00f2n d\u01b0 th\u1eeba s\u1ebd b\u1ecb oxy ho\u00e1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh cacbon \u0111ioxit v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; nit\u01a1 oxit bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed nit\u01a1. C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ebft m\u00e1u, v\u1ebft m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e2u s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1eb7t s\u1ea1ch. N\u1ebfu th\u00eam v\u00e0o b\u1ed9t gi\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i men th\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ebft m\u00e1u, v\u1ebft m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i b\u00e1m l\u00ean v\u1ea3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i v\u00f2 m\u1ea1nh, c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 tan v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc. Lo\u1ea1i men th\u00eam v\u00e0o b\u1ed9t gi\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i men sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh hy\u0111ro v\u00e0 oxy; bi\u1ebfn cacbon \u0111ioxit v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 cacbon. Hy\u0111ro ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao. M\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, n\u00ean n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u hy\u0111ro, ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 cacbon \u0111ioxit th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9c \u0103n gia s\u00fac, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cao c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch to l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c; Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c sinh h\u1ecdc; C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec (v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) sau khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[8,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7805","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoa-hoc","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7805","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7805"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7805\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7805"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7805"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7805"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}