V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1911, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd H\u00e0 Lan l\u00e0 Maoneis t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 -269\u00b0C, thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh si\u00eau d\u1eabn. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng si\u00eau d\u1eabn k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c coi tr\u1ecdng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hy v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb si\u00eau d\u1eabn n\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 ch\u00ec, thi\u1ebfc l\u00e0m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1u cho t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. V\u00ec khi v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn th\u00ec t\u00ednh si\u00eau d\u1eabn bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y khi \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o kim lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u1ee3p kim th\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng cao l\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1930, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p kim ch\u00ec – bitmut gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 2 tesla. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Li\u00ean X\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c si\u00eau d\u1eabn. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim si\u00eau \u0111\u1eabn c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau d\u1eabn lo\u1ea1i hai nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p kim niobi – ziriconi, h\u1ee3p kim van\u0111i – gali; c\u00e1c oxit kim lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac A – 15; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 niobi, vana\u0111i, tecniti\u2026 D\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau d\u1eabn n\u00e0y l\u00e0m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb, do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t, th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. \u0110\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 10 tesla, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, m\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c, bu\u1ed3ng b\u1ecdt, m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u00f2ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1eeb quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng do v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a. V\u00ec v\u1eady k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1957, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft BCS gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng si\u00eau d\u1eabn. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft BCS cho r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng si\u00eau d\u1eabn l\u00e0 do \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do trong ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau d\u1eabn song song n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau th\u00e0nh chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i. Khi c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec b\u00ean trong ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ef1c. Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft BCS r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u00f3ng cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn cao h\u01a1n – 243\u00b0C.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986, \u1edf c\u00f4ng ty IBM M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, Muler v\u00e0 Bainos \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y oxit c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i lantan – bari – \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh si\u00eau d\u1eabn \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 khu c\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft BCS. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nhen nh\u00f3m tia hy v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn. Do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cao l\u1eafm n\u00ean d\u1ec5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng cao gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau d\u1eabn. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Hoa l\u00e0 Chu Kinh Ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Tri\u1ec7u Trung Hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn m\u1edbi v\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn oxit nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf oxit lantan – bari – \u0111\u1ed3ng, oxit bari – ytri – \u0111\u1ed3ng, oxit bitmut – ch\u00ec – stronxin canxi, gia c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng, d\u00e2y l\u00e0m d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t vi ba\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn; Si\u00eau d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p; Si\u00eau d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1911, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd H\u00e0 Lan l\u00e0 Maoneis t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 -269\u00b0C, thu\u1ef7 ng\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh si\u00eau d\u1eabn. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[8,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7916","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoa-hoc","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7916","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7916"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7916\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7916"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7916"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7916"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}