Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 9 s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 cacbon, hidro v\u00e0 oxy. Trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u1eafm r\u00f5 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 h\u1ecdc h\u00f3a \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u00ean. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp 11 s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a v\u00f4 c\u01a1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u1edf l\u1edbp 9 \u0111\u1ea5y nh\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i t\u1edbi 03 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng n\u1eafm r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 9 nh\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u1ede l\u1edbp 8 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 cacbon v\u00e0 hidro. Trong \u0111\u00f3 cacbon (K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u C) c\u00f3 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 II ho\u1eb7c IV trong h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t (h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb IV) v\u00e0 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb IV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f2n oxy v\u00e0 hidro l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00f3 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 II v\u00e0 I trong h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 9 s\u1ebd x\u00e9t t\u1edbi h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 h\u00f3a h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. L\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t cacbon, oxi, hidro l\u00e0 IV, II, I. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc h\u1eefu c\u01a1, c\u00e1c h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t g\u1ea1ch ngang<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi Oxy (h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb II) ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u2013 O \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn hai d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch ngang \u1edf hai b\u00ean c\u1ee7a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C. Hidro (h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb I) s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u2013 H t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch ngang duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. V\u00e0 khi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 Cacbon (h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb IV) s\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch ngang \u1edf b\u1ed1n ph\u00eda nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch ngang c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t metan hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 CH4<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n\u0110\u0103ng ky\u0301 ho\u0323c th\u01b0\u0309 mi\u00ea\u0303n phi\u0301 m\u00f4n Ho\u0301a ho\u0323c t\u01b0\u0300 l\u01a1\u0301p 8 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n l\u01a1\u0301p 12<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch ngang trong h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng quy t\u1eafc nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch ngang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 CH4 (Metan), theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Cacbon v\u00e0 c\u00f3 4 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Hidro. V\u1eady khi bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t Cacbon v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa, h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n n\u00e9t g\u1ea1ch \u1edf b\u1ed1n ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a C. B\u1edfi m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed H ( \u2013 H) l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi cacbon n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c n\u00e9t g\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ho\u1eb7c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t CH3OH (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic) c\u00f3 1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C, 3 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hidro, c\u00f2n OH khi t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 1 oxi v\u00e0 1 H. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t C \u1edf gi\u1eefa, vi\u1ebft li\u1ec1n 3 H xung quanh v\u1edbi 1 n\u00e9t g\u1ea1ch. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf ph\u00eda tr\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft th\u00eam \u2013 O \u2013, th\u00eam ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o H (nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd th\u00eam v\u00e0o b\u00ean c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u2013 O \u2013 H).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch ngang c\u1ee7a r\u01b0\u1ee3u etylic<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ea1ch cacbon c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u1edf tr\u00ean, khi vi\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch cacbon c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch ngang. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch cacbon h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng x\u00e9t t\u1edbi 02 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00e2y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 Etan hay c\u00f2n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 C2H6 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 2 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed H. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed H chia cho s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 6\/2 b\u1eb1ng 3. V\u1eady \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C s\u1ebd li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi 3 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed H.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ea1ch cacbon \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 Etan<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 C2H8 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 2 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn 8 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed H. Sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y 8\/ 2 b\u1eb1ng 4 v\u1eady m\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C s\u1ebd g\u1eafn v\u1edbi 4 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed H. Sau khi vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u g\u1ea1ch ngang n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a C v\u00e0 H.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi trong h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 9. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u01b0 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u. Khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau nguy\u00ean t\u1eed li\u00ean k\u1ebft, s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tham kha\u0309o: \u01af\u0301ng du\u0323ng ho\u0323c tr\u01b0\u0323c tuy\u00ea\u0301n ha\u0300ng \u0111\u00e2\u0300u Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam \u2013 Vietlearn<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 C4H10 hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Butan s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. Khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 4 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed C li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 10 li\u00ean k\u1ebft Hidro. Qua \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C c\u00f3 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb IV v\u00e0 H c\u00f3 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 Butan<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean mong r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00eam hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u00fa v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 9. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng theo d\u00f5i trang web c\u1ee7a Vietlearn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc hay ho b\u1ea1n nh\u00e9. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ea1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o khi c\u00f3 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc h\u00e3y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ngay v\u1edbi Vietlearn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[B\u1ecf t\u00fai] B\u1ea3ng h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 l\u1edbp 8 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u1ea3ng \u201ct\u1ea7n s\u1ed1\u201d c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ebfn<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0110\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 9 s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 cacbon, hidro v\u00e0 oxy. Trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u1eafm r\u00f5 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u00e2n t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[8,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-796","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoa-hoc","category-trung-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/796","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=796"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/796\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=796"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=796"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=796"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}