Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Phi kim bao g\u1ed3m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. \u1ede m\u00f4n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 9, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c phi kim. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a phi kim khi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng theo d\u00f5i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Vietlearn \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c m\u00f4n h\u00f3a nh\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a phi kim l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a phi kim, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a phi kim. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu. B\u1edfi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh electron, phi kim l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u00eam electron. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m phi kim s\u1ebd mang lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi phi kim s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m kim lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t (m\u1ea5t electron, \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Khi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 phi kim s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00ed hi\u1ebfm, halogen v\u00e0 \u00e1 kim. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t sau s\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m phi kim t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 Argon (Ar), Radon (Rn), Heli (He), Clo (Cl), Flo (F), Br (brom), Iot (I), Atatin (at), Oxi (O), Sulfua (S), Nito (N), Photpho (P), Selen (Se), Bo, Neon (Ne),\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u1ecdc kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a phi kim l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong m\u00f4n h\u00f3a l\u1edbp 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tham kha\u0309o: \u01af\u0301ng du\u0323ng ho\u0323c tr\u01b0\u0323c tuy\u00ea\u0301n ha\u0300ng \u0111\u00e2\u0300u Vi\u00ea\u0323t Nam \u2013 Vietlearn<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a phi kim kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t phi kim l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua khi l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, V\u1eady x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a phi kim bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2y?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, phi kim c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m kim lo\u1ea1i k\u00e8m theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ea5t phi kim c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sinh ra h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t khi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Natri t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi Clo \u0111i k\u00e8m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd sinh ra Natri clorua (lo\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1i \u0103n c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng). Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 Sunfua t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi S\u1eaft Fe c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd sinh ra sunfua s\u1eaft (ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi vi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a phi kim c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eafm r\u00f5 n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n chinh ph\u1ee5c m\u00f4n h\u00f3a 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ee9 hai, phi kim c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kh\u00ed H2 hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hidro k\u00e8m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/p>\n\n\n\n
t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a phi kim th\u1ee9 hai m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi khi hidro. Nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd k\u00e8m theo y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 hai ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a 03 phi kim (oxi, Clo, Brom) v\u1edbi H2 nh\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, khi Oxy t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi kh\u00ed hidro c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao s\u1ebd sinh ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Nh\u00f3m ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 O2 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi H2 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t H2O hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ti\u1ebfp theo, khi ch\u1ea5t Clo (m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng l\u1ee5c) t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi kh\u00ed hidro c\u00f3 k\u00e8m theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd sinh ra ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a Clo. Cu\u0323 th\u00ea\u0309 t\u1eeb m\u00e0u ban \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n sang kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0u. Hai ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i axit, th\u1ebf n\u00ean khi b\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u (chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ecf).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 khi Brom t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi hidro c\u0169ng s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sinh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 sinh ra ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i axit c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh mang t\u00ean Axit bromhidric. Axit na\u0300y co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 l\u00e0m qu\u1ef3 t\u00edm chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecf nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0110\u0103ng ky\u0301 ho\u0323c th\u01b0\u0309 mi\u00ea\u0303n phi\u0301 m\u00f4n Ho\u0301a ho\u0323c t\u01b0\u0300 l\u01a1\u0301p 8 \u0111\u00ea\u0301n l\u01a1\u0301p 12<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ee9 ba, phi kim c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kh\u00ed oxy k\u00e8m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a phi kim (x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi oxy. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh ra ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi nhanh h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t sunfua (m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng) t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi oxi sinh ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i oxit axit m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a phi kim b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t phi kim b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn electron n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 hai l\u01b0u \u00fd nh\u1ecf v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a phi kim \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, phi kim c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u1ea3 03 d\u1ea1ng r\u1eafn (nh\u01b0 l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh (s), cacbon (C),\u2026), l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 d\u1ea1ng kh\u00ed (nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i phi kim ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng r\u1eafn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1ee9 hai, x\u00e9t \u1edf t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd, phi kim h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n (v\u00ec mang \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e2m), khi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a phi kim \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadt m\u00ed ngay b\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft. Vietlearn hy v\u1ecdng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1eeba cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chinh ph\u1ee5c m\u00f4n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00fa v\u1ecb h\u01a1n. Chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a 9 ngay t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh trang web n\u00e0y b\u1ea1n nh\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 H\u00f3a H\u1ecdc \u2013 M\u1eb9o h\u1ecdc nhanh nh\u1edb l\u00e2u<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00e2\u0323t mi\u0301 ca\u0301ch \u0111a\u0301nh bay n\u00f4\u0303i s\u01a1\u0323 m\u00f4n Ho\u0301a ho\u0323c \u2013 Vietlearn<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Phi kim bao g\u1ed3m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. \u1ede m\u00f4n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 9, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c phi kim. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a phi kim […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-804","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoa-hoc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/804","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=804"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/804\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=804"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=804"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=804"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}