Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 10. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/a> v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u1edbp 10, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng Vietlearn theo d\u00f5i b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n I. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ra sao v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 g\u00ec, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ngay sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1eeba c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t v\u1eeba c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1eabu h\u00e0nh tinh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c electron<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eed bao g\u1ed3m v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng electron mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c electron mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u1eb1m \u1edf gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t proton v\u00e0 notron.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t proton, notron v\u00e0 electron.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u1ea1t \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u00edch Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n Proton qp = \u2013 1,602 x 10\u201319 C hay qp = 1+ mp = 1,6726.10-27kg<\/p>\n\n\n\n Notron qn = 0 mn = 1,6726.10-27kg<\/p>\n\n\n\n Electron qe = \u2013 1,602 x 10-19 C hay qe = 1- me = 9,1094 x 10-31 kg<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp hay g\u1eb7p<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n II. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c electron trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c electron trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t nhanh \u1edf xung quanh c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y electron v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng theo b\u1ea5t k\u00ec 1 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c electron trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed<\/p>\n\n\n\n a. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Obitan nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (K\u00ed hi\u1ec7u AO) l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y electron n\u1eb1m xung quanh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 90% x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c electron.<\/p>\n\n\n\n b. H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Obitan nguy\u00ean t\u1eed (K\u00ed hi\u1ec7u AO) d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i electron m\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 obitan s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi 3 tr\u1ee5c Ox, Oy, Oz l\u00e0 obitan p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 obitan g\u1ed3m 3 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 obitan px, py, pz v\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1 8 n\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n III. L\u1edbp e, Ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp e:<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u1edbp e l\u00e0 c\u00e1c electron c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp e \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao (hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn xa nh\u00e2n) v\u1edbi 7 l\u1edbp electron:<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00ean l\u1edbp K L M N O P Q<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp e c\u00f3 4 ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp l\u00e0 s, p, d, f v\u00e0 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng e c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u1ebd chia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1c electron c\u00f3 tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng 1 ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp s\u1ebd mang m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f3 4 lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp l\u00e0 s,p,d,f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u1edbp th\u1ee9 n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 n ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp v\u00e0 n\u22644<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp electron c\u00f3 4 ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp l\u00e0 s, p, d, f<\/p>\n\n\n\n IV. S\u1ed1 electron t\u1ed1i \u0111a trong 1 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d4n l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh electron \u2013 Chinh ph\u1ee5c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 10 c\u00f9ng Vietlearn<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 electron t\u1ed1i \u0111a trong ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp s p d f<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u1ed1 electron t\u1ed1i \u0111a trong 1 ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp 2 6 10 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s2 p6 d10 f14<\/p>\n\n\n\n Do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 electron t\u1ed1i \u0111a s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp electron b\u00e3o h\u00f2a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u1edbp th\u1ee9 n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 2n2 electron (v\u1edbi n\u22644)<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 electron t\u1ed1i \u0111a tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 electron t\u1ed1i \u0111a tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp<\/p>\n\n\n\n V. D\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p hi\u1ec7n nay:<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 Z c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Z=p=e=E<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u1ed1 kh\u1ed1i A = Z + N<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t mang \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 = Z + E = 2Z<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t l\u00e0 = 2Z + N<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1ch 1: D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ion t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00e1ch 2: D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed sau \u0111\u00f3 suy ra s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u1eadn<\/p>\n\n\n\n M \u2192 Mn + ne X + me \u2192 Xm-<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 electron c\u00f3 trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c electron v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a obitan t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c e theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp electron trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u01b0u \u00fd khi vi\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh e:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng obitan nh\u01b0 sau 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5d5p6s4f5d6p7s5f6d7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n D\u1ea1ng (n-1)d4ns2 , (n-1)d9ns2 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh (n-1)d5ns1 v\u00e0 (n-1)d10ns1<\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed h\u00f3a 10 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00f4n t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/a> v\u00e0 \u00f4n luy\u1ec7n, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/a> uy t\u00edn, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, h\u00e3y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Vietlearn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p nhanh nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Xem th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh electron \u2013 Chinh ph\u1ee5c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc 10 c\u00f9ng Vietlearn<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh thang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp<\/p>\n\n\n\n Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ion \u2013 tinh th\u1ec3 ion: H\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t h\u00f3a 10 c\u00f9ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 10. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, b\u00e0i t\u1eadp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1ecf nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u1edbp 10, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng Vietlearn theo d\u00f5i b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-857","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vat-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/857","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=857"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/857\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=857"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=857"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=857"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}