{"id":8836,"date":"2021-11-21T15:16:04","date_gmt":"2021-11-21T08:16:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/post\/?p=8836"},"modified":"2021-11-21T16:03:02","modified_gmt":"2021-11-21T09:03:02","slug":"tai-sao-doan-tau-chay-tren-dem-tu-co-the-bay-len-duoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/tai-sao-doan-tau-chay-tren-dem-tu-co-the-bay-len-duoc\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ea1i sao \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 &#8220;bay&#8221; l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao, \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t. Lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0u n\u00e0y khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y b\u00e1m v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray, m\u00e0 theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i, bay l\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n an to\u00e0n, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng rung \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u1eady th\u00ec, \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 &#8220;bay&#8221; nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 si\u00eau d\u1eabn m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u0103m 1911, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m sau: \u00f4ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn -40oC, khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y, v\u00e0 cho d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y qua. Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn -268,9oC, \u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf trong th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean m\u1ea5t \u0111i. V\u1ec1 sau m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng &#8220;si\u00eau d\u1eabn&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n: C\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i si\u00eau d\u1eabn c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ng t\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. T\u00ednh kh\u00e1ng t\u1eeb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t si\u00eau d\u1eabn s\u1ebd sinh ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thanh nam ch\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a thanh nam ch\u00e2m; th\u1ebf l\u00e0 thanh nam ch\u00e2m s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i l\u01a1 l\u1eedng tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng. \u0110o\u00e0n t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea9y nhau c\u1ee7a hai t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c c\u00f9ng t\u00ean, l\u1eafp m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i t\u1eeb si\u00eau d\u1eabn \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ea7m \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u, cho d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00edch th\u00edch ch\u1ea1y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, l\u1ea1i r\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray t\u1ea5m m\u1ecfng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t. Khi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y qua v\u1eadt si\u00eau d\u1eabn, s\u1ea3n sinh ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, khi l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u, th\u00ec \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u s\u1ebd n\u1ed5i l\u01a1 l\u1eedng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 cao n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u. Lo\u1ea1i \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u n\u1ed5i n\u00e0y v\u00ec gi\u1eefa toa xe v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ma s\u00e1t c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, cho n\u00ean khi ch\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb rung \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eadt ray, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00ec l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n ma s\u00e1t nh\u1ecf n\u00ean t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea1y t\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ede \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, v.v. t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00e2u nh\u01b0 n\u00e2ng l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c, ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o cua, gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c, d\u1eebng t\u00e0u, h\u1ea1 t\u00e0u xu\u1ed1ng, v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sai s\u00f3t g\u00ec, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t an to\u00e0n. Hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u si\u00eau d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 500 km\/gi\u1edd tr\u1edf l\u00ean. Trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia ra t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi 125 km\/gi\u1edd, d\u00f9ng cho giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1; t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 250 km\/gi\u1edd; d\u00f9ng cho giao th\u00f4ng \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 500 km\/gi\u1edd d\u00f9ng cho giao th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1994, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1eeb cao t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa B\u00e9clin v\u00e0 H\u0103mbua. \u0110o\u00e0n t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1eeb si\u00eau d\u1eabn MLX01 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 531 km\/gi\u1edd. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1eeb t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12\/1997 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0110\u00f4 Giang Y\u1ebfn thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh T\u1ee9 Xuy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb kho\u00e1: \u0110o\u00e0n t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1eeb; Si\u00eau d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao, \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t. Lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0u n\u00e0y khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0u kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y b\u00e1m v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray, m\u00e0 theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u1ed5i, bay l\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ray. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8836","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-ky-thuat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8836","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8836"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8836\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8836"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8836"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8836"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}