N\u0103m 1984, \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Harford, bang Connecticut c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn ki\u1ec3u c\u0169. C\u00e1c ban ng\u00e0nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, c\u1ea7u thang m\u00e1y, chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ed9m n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, m\u1edf c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u0103n t\u1ef1, th\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v.v. cho c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 thu\u00ea nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
To\u00e0 nh\u00e0 to l\u1edbn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh” \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u0103m 1985, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. To\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c “ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, m\u1ecdc l\u00ean nh\u01b0 n\u1ea5m sau m\u01b0a. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1995 n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n “ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh”, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt s\u1ebd c\u00f3 65% c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ho\u00e1. “Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh” th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 hay sao? Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ee9ng danh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh”?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 “ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh” c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh M\u1ef9 cho r\u1eb1ng “ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh” l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua t\u00ednh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0 nh\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh s\u1ed1ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao. \u1ede Singapore, “ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh” ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0 to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an to\u00e0n, b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n v.v. do \u0111\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i cho c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa; hai l\u00e0, to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c trong to\u00e0 nh\u00e0; ba l\u00e0, to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i. H\u1ed9i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 ra: “Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh” c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 cao \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, an to\u00e0n, nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c. \u1ede Trung Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay n\u00f3i chung l\u1ea5y thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t trong ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 “ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh”, nh\u01b0 “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 3A” ho\u1eb7c “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 5A”<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec “ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh” l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m ba h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn (g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 3A”), l\u00e0 “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c (OA)”, “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n (BA)” v\u00e0 “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (CA). N\u1ebfu t\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eadp l\u1eeda \u1edf trong \u0111\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 ph\u00f2ng ch\u00e1y ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y (FA)” \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u0169ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tin t\u1ee9c (MA)” \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 5A”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. “H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng BA” b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd an to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1, nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111o c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng oxy, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nhanh ch\u00f3ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p; khi m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c, h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c, th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng an to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng; “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng CA” bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb cung c\u1ea5p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ea3i d\u00e2y t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ho\u00e1, khi\u1ebfn cho “h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng OA” mang l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh, th\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, h\u1ed9p th\u01b0 tho\u1ea1i, h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tin t\u1ee9c v.v. trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kho t\u00e0ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a: Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng minh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
N\u0103m 1984, \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Harford, bang Connecticut c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u1edbn ki\u1ec3u c\u0169. C\u00e1c ban ng\u00e0nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, c\u1ea7u thang m\u00e1y, chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8987","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-ky-thuat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8987","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8987"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8987\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8987"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8987"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8987"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}