{"id":899,"date":"2021-10-07T23:40:51","date_gmt":"2021-10-07T23:40:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/post\/?p=899"},"modified":"2021-10-13T21:13:00","modified_gmt":"2021-10-13T14:13:00","slug":"dien-the-hieu-dien-the-khai-niem-va-cong-thuc-chi-tiet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/dien-the-hieu-dien-the-khai-niem-va-cong-thuc-chi-tiet\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf \u2013 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\nimg_numb = 10;\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"\ud83d\udd0c Basic Electricity - What is voltage?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/TBt-kxYfync?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Basic Electricity &#8211; What is voltage?<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh V\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u1edbp 7. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp hay, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n mang \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf hay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 kh\u00f3. C\u00e1c em c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u 9, 10 \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c em d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 trong \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u01b0a ra t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u1ebfu ta ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1eed q ( \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n q&gt;0) v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 E th\u00ec l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh c\u00f4ng s\u1ebd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m M \u0111i d\u1ecdc theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng ra v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. Ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng cung c\u1ea5p d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 ( hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u0103ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch) s\u1ebd l\u00e0 WM=AM\u221e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng AM\u221e s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1eed q. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 suy ra th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch WM c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1eed q.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ta c\u00f3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: VM=AM\u221eq=WMqVM=AM\u221eq=WMq s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1eed q. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh, y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng (k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 E)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ta c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m. Theo quan s\u00e1t, r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ( c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1eed) s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng, gi\u1ea3m vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ta c\u00f3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 sau: \u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ri\u00eang cho \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ( hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u0103ng) c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch. Th\u1ebf n\u0103ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n trong \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho v\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao h \u0111ang r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2m tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9ng minh tr\u00ean nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1eed q t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m M b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 trong \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 VM=AM\u221eq=WMqVM=AM\u221eq=WMq<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">VM l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1eed q t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m M ( \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb V)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">WM (th\u1ebf n\u0103ng) AM\u221e (c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n) l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1eed q t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m M ra v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ( \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb J)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch ra v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y (M) \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c (N). Do v\u1eady ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 trong d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A<sub>MN<\/sub> = q(V<sub>M<\/sub> \u2013 V<sub>N<\/sub>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">X\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1ed1 1: N\u1ebfu q > 0 suy ra q(V<sub>M<\/sub> \u2013 V<sub>N<\/sub>) > 0 suy ra V<sub>M<\/sub> > V<sub>N <\/sub>suy ra \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m M l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m N.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ra c\u00f3: N\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (+) trong \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd sinh ra m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (th\u1ebf n\u0103ng) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng theo chi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf cao h\u01a1n (VM) \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (VN).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">X\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2: N\u1ebfu q &lt; 0 suy ra q(V<sub>M<\/sub> \u2013 V<sub>N)<\/sub> > 0 suy ra VM &lt; VN suy ra \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m M s\u1ebd nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m N.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3: N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (-) trong \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd sinh ra m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (th\u1ebf n\u0103ng) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng theo chi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (VM) \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf cao h\u01a1n (V<sub>N)<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t (2): A<sub>MN <\/sub>= 0 suy ra V<sub>M <\/sub>= V<sub>N<\/sub>. Do v\u1eady n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m M c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m N. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf ngang nhau th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sinh ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ( c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong V\u1eadt l\u00fd 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"Vietlearn\" rel=\"nofollow\">h\u1ecdc sinh<\/a> c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y. Khi theo h\u1ecdc b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n V\u1eadt l\u00fd 7, c\u00e1c em kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m M \u1edf trong \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf n\u0103ng khi \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1eed q. \u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q khi q d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb M ra xa v\u00f4 c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a q.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V<sub>M<\/sub> = A<sub>M\u221e<\/sub>\/q<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V<sub>M<\/sub> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i M, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00f4n (V)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A<sub>M<\/sub> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u00d4n l\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf l\u1edbp 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ef1c \u00e2m v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n. Hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ef1c (\u00e2m v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng) trong ngu\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m M v\u00e0 N b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 trong m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1eed q t\u1eeb M \u0111\u1ebfn N. Hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q trong s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a q t\u1eeb M \u0111\u1ebfn N v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a q.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean, ta r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U<sub>MN<\/sub> = V<sub>M<\/sub> \u2013 V<sub>N<\/sub> = A<sub>MN<\/sub>\/q<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U<sub>MN<\/sub> l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1eefa hai \u0111i\u1ec3m M v\u00e0 N, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf l\u00e0 V<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A<sub>MN <\/sub>l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n sinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n q t\u1eeb M \u0111\u1ebfn N (J)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">q l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1eed (C)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 V\u00f4n k\u1ebf. Tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t hai lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4n k\u1ebf v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng kim v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00f4n k\u1ebf:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n \u0111o, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00f4n k\u1ebf v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 chia nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: M\u1eafc v\u00f4n k\u1ebf song song v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f4n k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ef1c \u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u00f4n k\u1ebf c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1eafc v\u1edbi c\u1ef1c \u00e2m c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1eadp, ch\u00e1y r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh v\u00f4n k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ch\u00fa \u00fd: N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4n k\u1ebf v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, nh\u1edb g\u1ea1t kim v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed s\u1ed1 0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tham kh\u1ea3o th\u00eam l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n trong V\u1eadt l\u00fd 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf trong m\u00f4n V\u1eadt l\u00fd 7. Mong r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"2\" title=\"Vietlearn\" rel=\"nofollow\">h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Voltage Explained - What is Voltage? Basic electricity  potential difference\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/w82aSjLuD_8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption>Voltage Explained &#8211; What is Voltage? Basic electricity potential difference<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0110i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh V\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u1edbp 7. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp hay, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n mang \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2315,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-899","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/899","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=899"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/899\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2315"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=899"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=899"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=899"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}