{"id":9031,"date":"2021-11-21T15:42:35","date_gmt":"2021-11-21T08:42:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/post\/?p=9031"},"modified":"2021-11-21T17:15:29","modified_gmt":"2021-11-21T10:15:29","slug":"tai-sao-truoc-khi-thiet-ke-cong-trinh-can-phai-tien-hanh-tham-do-dia-chat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/tai-sao-truoc-khi-thiet-ke-cong-trinh-can-phai-tien-hanh-tham-do-dia-chat\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ea1i sao tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/a> m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf m\u1ed9t, hai t\u1ea7ng hay to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c t\u1ea7ng, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/a> m\u00f3ng. Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng”, n\u00f3 chia l\u00e0m hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn: M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, nh\u01b0 m\u00e1i nh\u00e0, s\u00e0n g\u00e1c, d\u1ea7m, c\u1ed9t, c\u1ea7u thang v.v. tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh” (t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng t\u0129nh); c\u00f2n tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean m\u00e1i nh\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i” (t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng). Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/a> m\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed7i m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng tr\u00ean ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng tr\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 150 t\u1ea5n t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng, v\u1eady th\u00ec m\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y to bao nhi\u00eau, s\u00e2u bao nhi\u00eau? L\u00fac n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau l\u1edbp, m\u1ed7i l\u1edbp d\u00e0y bao nhi\u00eau, “c\u1ee9ng” hay “m\u1ec1m”, “ch\u1eb7t” hay “x\u1ed1p”, m\u1ed7i m2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu bao nhi\u00eau t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng v.v. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i m2 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e9n l\u00e0 1,5 x 105 N, l\u1ea5y t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ed9t chia cho con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch 10 m2. \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e1, c\u00f2n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ec1m, c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t ra, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng “nguy hi\u1ec3m” kh\u00f4ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 “l\u1edbp c\u00e1t tr\u00f4i”. Khi l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1t r\u1ea5t x\u1ed1p, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1edbp c\u00e1t tr\u00f4i theo s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t, x\u00e2y m\u00f3ng \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do con s\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb b\u1ed3i l\u1ea5p, v\u00ec gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1edbp b\u00f9n l\u1eafng r\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m, x\u00e2y m\u00f3ng \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t, n\u00ean khi x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Th\u00e1p nghi\u00eang Piza n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf Italia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Piza \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saraxan trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Palermo n\u0103m 1063. Th\u00e1p x\u00e2y n\u0103m 1174, khi x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 ba th\u00ec b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00eang, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1p n\u1eb1m \u0111\u00fang tr\u00ean l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng. Th\u00e1p nghi\u00eang Piza \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eebng x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e2y l\u1ea1i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec9nh th\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng th\u00e1p v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00eang, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e1p nghi\u00eang n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a th\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 4,60m, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia<\/a> x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang ngh\u0129 ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n gia c\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ec3 cho tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nghi\u00eang c\u1ee7a th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/a> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, c\u1ea7u, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ef7 l\u1ee3i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb kh\u00f3a: Tham d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t; T\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf m\u1ed9t, hai t\u1ea7ng hay to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c t\u1ea7ng, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f3ng. Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng”, n\u00f3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_disable_autopaging":false},"categories":[15,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9031","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-dap-khoa-hoc","category-ky-thuat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9031","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9031"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9031\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9031"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9031"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vietlearn.org\/kien-thuc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9031"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}