Ghi ch\u00fa: T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00edch d\u1eabn<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u1eadt r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn khi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u00edt c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc sinh<\/a> ngao ng\u00e1n. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb bi\u1ebft bao n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/a> h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. T\u00edch g\u00f3p v\u00e0 \u00f4n t\u1eadp ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1eebng ch\u00fat m\u1ed9t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ghi nh\u1edb l\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. H\u00f4m nay, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng Vietlearn kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 photpho nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i ngay th\u00f4i n\u00e0o!<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a photpho \u2013 Photpho nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac photpho nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong b\u1ea3ng H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n, photpho thu\u1ed9c \u00f4 th\u1ee9 15, nh\u00f3m VA v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh electron nguy\u00ean t\u1eed: 1s22s22p63s23p3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00f3a tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a photpho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 5 do c\u00f3 5 electron \u1edf l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u00f3a tr\u1ecb 3 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i l\u00e0 31.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a photpho<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t photpho trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00f9y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i photpho. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 photpho tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 photpho \u0111\u1ecf. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho tr\u1eafng<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn trong su\u1ed1t, m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1i v\u00e0ng, r\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1p khi quan s\u00e1t. C\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed P4 n\u1eb1m \u1edf n\u00fat m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu trong tinh th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0: M\u1ec1m, d\u1ec5 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y (tnc = 44,1oC); Kh\u00f4ng tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, tan trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 dung m\u00f4i h\u1eefu c\u01a1 nh\u01b0 C6H6, CS2, \u2026 ; R\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 g\u00e2y b\u1ecfng n\u1eb7ng khi r\u01a1i v\u00e0o da; b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 40oC, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ng\u00e2m trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u00e1t quang m\u00e0u l\u1ee5c nh\u1ea1t trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng; khi \u0111un n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 250oC v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, photpho tr\u1eafng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh photpho \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho \u0111\u1ecf<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5t b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf khi quan s\u00e1t, d\u1ec5 h\u00fat \u1ea9m v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y r\u1eefa. Ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y b\u1ec1n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t quang trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u01b0: Kh\u00f4ng tan trong c\u00e1c dung m\u00f4i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng; b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 250oC; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed khi \u0111un n\u00f3ng m\u00e0 photpho \u0111\u1ecf chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u01a1i, khi l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh th\u00ec h\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh photpho tr\u1eafng; c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac polime n\u00ean kh\u00f3 n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 bay h\u01a1i h\u01a1n photpho tr\u1eafng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 mu\u1ed1i: T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u mu\u00f4\u0301i nitrat la\u0300 gi\u0300 v\u01a1\u0301i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng pha\u0301p ho\u0323c hi\u00ea\u0323u qua\u0309 v\u00e0 Axit photphoric v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i photphat \u2013 H\u1ecdc h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 kh\u00f3!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a photpho nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho l\u00e0 phi kim t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Photpho \u0111\u1ecf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n photpho tr\u1eafng do ki\u1ec3u m\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t, photpho c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c oxi h\u00f3a -3, +3 v\u00e0 +5. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 photpho th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u1eed khi tham gia ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a khi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi kim lo\u1ea1i<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra photphua kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb th\u1ee7y ph\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh photphin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00ednh kh\u1eed<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y khi t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi oxi<\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u1edbi t\u00ednh kh\u1eed, Photpho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phi kim ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 oxi, halogen, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh,\u2026 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh oxi h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00e1y trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thi\u1ebfu oxi: 4P + 3O2\u21922P2O3<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p d\u01b0 oxi: 4P + 5O2\u21922P2O5<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u1edbi kh\u00ed clo khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thi\u1ebfu clo: 2P + 3Cl2\u21922 PCl3<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p d\u01b0 clo: 4P+ 5Cl2\u21922 PCl5<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a photpho<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a photpho trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t axit photphoric, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t di\u00eam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1edd t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y, t\u1ea1o m\u00e0n kh\u00f3i v\u00e0 s\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9c photpho tr\u1eafng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 trang nh\u01b0 bom l\u1eeda, b\u00ecnh kh\u00f3i, bom kh\u00f3i, \u0111\u1ea1n l\u1eeda,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng, photpho \u0111\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u00e1t n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n trong tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photphat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee7y tinh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y tinh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u00e8n h\u01a1i Natri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 ch\u1ee9a photpho. Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t trung gian nh\u01b0 clorua photpho hay sunfua photpho. T\u1ea1o ra \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0: c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm ch\u00e1y, ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m d\u1ebbo, thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u, ch\u1ea5t x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc,\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e9p, \u0111\u1ed3ng thau ch\u1ee9a photpho v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1ecf bao di\u00eam, ph\u00e1o hoa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u00eatamph\u00eatamin (C10H15N).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Photpho P32 v\u00e0 photpho P33 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m h\u00f3a sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n L\u1eddi k\u1ebft,<\/p>\n\n\n\n Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 photpho nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i m\u00e0 Vietlearn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n. Hy v\u1ecdng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft b\u1ed5 \u00edch s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 photpho nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/a> th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nh\u00e9! Ch\u00fac c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/a> th\u1eadt t\u1ed1t!<\/p>\n\n\n\n Xem th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n B\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1, n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 11(M\u1edf trong c\u1eeda s\u1ed1 m\u1edbi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u00f3a tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 oxi h\u00f3a \u2013 Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ea7n n\u1eafm r\u00f5(M\u1edf trong c\u1eeda s\u1ed1 m\u1edbi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Oxi h\u00f3a 8 \u2013 l\u01b0u \u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng khi h\u1ecdc(M\u1edf trong c\u1eeda s\u1ed1 m\u1edbi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng Oxi h\u00f3a \u2013 kh\u1eed l\u1edbp 8 \u2013 C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i t\u1eadp hay g\u1eb7p(M\u1edf trong c\u1eeda s\u1ed1 m\u1edbi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n [L\u01b0u ngay] C\u00e1c<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n (\u0111iphotpho trioxit)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n (\u0111iphotpho pentaoxit)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n (photpho triclorua)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n (photpho pentaclorua)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n